ArticleHealth affairs (Project Hope)2021
Female Physicians Earn An Estimated $2 Million Less Than Male Physicians Over A Simulated 40-Year Career.
Article in Health affairs (Project Hope), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Impact of Gender, Rank, and Race on Industry Payments in Pediatric and Adult Gastroenterology.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Why Have All the Doctors Gone? Insights Into Early Clinical Departure Among Physicians in the United States: A National Survey.The Permanente journal · 2026Article
- A 20-Year Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Gender Workforce in Medical Departments of Psychiatry/Psychotherapy and Neurology in Germany.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The Latina physician wage chasm: a secondary analysis of the American Community Survey.Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Physician Attrition from Clinical Practice Across Specialties: A Nationwide, Longitudinal Analysis.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Wage gap among Iranian nurses: a decomposition analysis in Southern Iran.Human resources for health · 2026Article
- Career Plans Among Graduating US Emergency Medicine Residents.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Gender differences in provider practice characteristics and medicare payment & services among diagnostic radiologists.PloS one · 2026Article
- Fostering trustworthy dialogue on race, ethnicity and gender in a mentoring and leadership program for academic medicine faculty.BMC medical education · 2025Article
- Higher electronic health record burden among women physicians in academic ambulatory medicine.JAMIA open · 2025Article
- Gender bias faced by medical students during undergraduate medical education in Urban Private medical colleges in Pakistan.BMC medical education · 2025Article
- Factors Affecting Career Longevity of Female Plastic Surgeons in Academia: A Qualitative Ethnographic Pilot Study.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Persistent Imbalance: Women's Representation in North American Pediatric Cardiology Leadership Roles.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
- Gender Differences in Medicare Practice and Payment of Neuroradiologists.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Gender Differences in Primary Care Physician Earnings and Outcomes Under Medicare Advantage Value-Based Payment.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Is Pharmacy a Friendly Profession for Everyone in the U.S.? A Probe into Gender and Other Income Disparities.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Gender equity in oncology: Progress, challenges, and the path forward in urologic oncology and oncologic specialties.Cancer · 2025Review
- Editorial: Women in pediatric and adolescent sleep, volume II.Frontiers in sleep · 2025Article
- Gender composition in the work environment and physicians' income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments: evidence from longitudinal data.Human resources for health · 2024Article
- Association of Gender and Personal Choices with Salaries of New Emergency Medicine Graduates.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Differences in income between male and female academic physicians are well known, but differences for community physicians and career differences in income have not been quantified. We used earnings data from 80,342 full-time US physicians to estimate career differences in income between men and women. The differences in annual income between male and female physicians that we observed in our simulations increased most rapidly during the initial years of practice. Over the course of a simulated forty-year career, male physicians earned an average adjusted gross income of $8,307,327 compared with an average of $6,263,446 for female physicians-an absolute adjusted difference of $2,043,881 and relative difference of 24.6 percent. Gender differences in career earnings were largest for surgical specialists ($2.5 million difference), followed by nonsurgical specialists ($1.6 million difference) and primary care physicians ($0.9 million difference). These findings imply that over the course of a career, female US physicians were estimated to earn, on average, more than $2 million less than male US physicians after adjustment for factors that may otherwise explain observed differences in income, such as hours worked, clinical revenue, practice type, and specialty.
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Registered trials
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