Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34870186›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in artificial intelligence2021

DeepCarc: Deep Learning-Powered Carcinogenicity Prediction Using Model-Level Representation.

Ting Li, Weida Tong, Ruth Roberts, Zhichao Liu, Shraddha Thakkar

Erratum issuedAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in artificial intelligence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 25 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. AI/ML-based computational models for toxicity prediction.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026
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  7. Beyond QSARs: Quantitative Knowledge-Activity Relationships (QKARs) for enhanced drug toxicity prediction.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025
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  11. Unlocking the potential of AI: Machine learning and deep learning models for predicting carcinogenicity of chemicals.Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Toxicology and carcinogenesis · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ting LiDivision of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States.
Weida TongDivision of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States.
Ruth RobertsApconiX Ltd., Alderley Edge, United Kingdom.
Zhichao LiuDivision of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States.
Shraddha ThakkarOffice of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Carcinogenicity testing plays an essential role in identifying carcinogens in environmental chemistry and drug development. However, it is a time-consuming and label-intensive process to evaluate the carcinogenic potency with conventional 2-years rodent animal studies. Thus, there is an urgent need for alternative approaches to providing reliable and robust assessments on carcinogenicity. In this study, we proposed a DeepCarc model to predict carcinogenicity for small molecules using deep learning-based model-level representations. The DeepCarc Model was developed using a data set of 692 compounds and evaluated on a test set containing 171 compounds in the National Center for Toxicological Research liver cancer database (NCTRlcdb). As a result, the proposed DeepCarc model yielded a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.432 for the test set, outperforming four advanced deep learning (DL) powered quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models with an average improvement rate of 37%. Furthermore, the DeepCarc model was also employed to screen the carcinogenicity potential of the compounds from both DrugBank and Tox21. Altogether, the proposed DeepCarc model could serve as an early detection tool (https://github.com/TingLi2016/DeepCarc) for carcinogenicity assessment.

Indexed as

carcinogenicitydeep learningNCTRlcdbnon-animal modelsQSAR

Identifiers

PMID34870186
PMCPMC8636933

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.