ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2021
Cholesterol Metabolism: A Double-Edged Sword in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Recent Advancements in Known and Emerging Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cancer medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Turkish Cohort: Impact ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Nur77 agonism invigorates Natural Killer cell immunity against hepatocellular carcinoma.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Research status and challenges of anti-tumor effects of natural saponins and their combination therapy.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Cholesterol metabolism dysregulated by key HBV mutations revealed through multi-omics profiling.iScience · 2026Article
- Melatonin and Selected Phytochemicals: A Promising Combination to Target Altered Metabolism in Cancer.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Roles of FXR in Lipid Biochemistry within Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using MALDI MSI.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2026Article
- FDFT1 Acts as a Negative Regulator of Autophagy by Modulating AMPK-ULK1 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Research progress and therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma metabolic reprogramming.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Association of LDLR and SCARB1 gene polymorphisms with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study proposing a 'double-hit' model.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Interaction Patterns Among Risk Factors for Liver Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Revisiting cholesterol metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma: a hidden driver of systemic therapy response.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Review
- HBV reprograms the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Development and Validation of Predictive Machine Learning Models for Postoperative Recurrence and Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2026Article
- Mechanism of BaP- regulated hepatic lipid metabolism via AhR activation and AR modulation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Bidirectional crosstalk between ER stress and lipid metabolism: From proteostasis to tumor adaptation.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Liver Fibrosis as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Severe Obesity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Atorvastatin negatively regulates MAPK pathway in vitro to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparison of Risk Factors, Their Interaction Patterns, and Scoring Systems for Liver Cancer Between Patients With and Those Without Diabetes: Retrospective Cohort Study Using Electronic Health Records and Tree-Structured Algorithms.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Article
- The role of lipid metabolic interactions in reshaping the tumor microenvironment.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The rising incidence of metabolic syndrome and its hepatic manifestation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have emerged as the fastest-growing cause of HCC in recent years. Cholesterol, a major lipid component of the cell membrane and lipoprotein particles, is primarily produced and metabolized by the liver. Numerous studies have revealed an increased cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, reduced cholesterol exportation and excretion in HCC, which all contribute to lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis, known HCC risk factors. In contrast, some clinical studies have shown that higher cholesterol is associated with a reduced risk of HCC. These contradictory observations imply that the relationship between cholesterol and HCC is far more complex than initially anticipated. Understanding the role of cholesterol and deciphering the underlying molecular events in HCC development is highly relevant to developing new therapies. Here, we discuss the current understanding of cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of NAFLD-associated HCC, and the underlying mechanisms, including the roles of cholesterol in the disruption of normal function of specific cell types and signaling transduction. We also review the clinical progression in evaluating the association of cholesterol with HCC. The therapeutic effects of lowering cholesterol will also be summarized. We also interpret reasons for the contradictory observations from different preclinical and human studies of the roles of cholesterol in HCC, aiming to provide a critical assessment of the potential of cholesterol as a therapeutic target.
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