Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34868805›Full record

ReviewReview journal of autism and developmental disorders2021

Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: a Systematic Review.

Georgia Lockwood Estrin, Victoria Milner, Debbie Spain, Francesca Happé, Emma Colvert

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Review journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 149 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
149citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

149 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  8. Trial
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  12. Review
  13. Article
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  16. Article
  17. Occurrence and Correlates of Suicidal Thoughts Among Young Autistic Users of a Mental Health App.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Grief, Relief, and Belief: A Social Media Study on Late Identification of Neurodivergence.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026
    Article
  20. Camouflaging and autism: Conceptualisation and methodological issues.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026
    Review

89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Georgia Lockwood EstrinCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, WC1E 7HX London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9865-1415
Victoria MilnerSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK.
Debbie SpainSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK.
Francesca HappéSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK.
Emma ColvertSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK.

Funding

Medical Research Council G0500870Wellcome Trust 204706/Z/16/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There is increased recognition that women and girls with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are underserved by the clinical criteria and processes required to receive a diagnosis. This mixed-methods systematic review aimed to identify key barriers to obtaining an ASD diagnosis in girls and young women under 21 years. Six themes were identified that focused on perceived gendered symptoms, namely behavioural problems, social and communication abilities, language, relationships, additional diagnoses/difficulties and restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests. Five themes were identified as (parental) perceived barriers to diagnosis, namely compensatory behaviours, parental concerns, others' perceptions, lack of information/resources and clinician bias. This review highlights the importance of enhancing widespread understanding and recognition of ASD presentation in females across development. PROSPERO Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (ID 2018 CRD42018087235). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40489-020-00225-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Indexed as

AutismBarriersDiagnosisFemaleGender differences

Identifiers

PMID34868805
PMCPMC8604819

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.