ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Impact of Patient Age on Clinical Efficacy and Toxicity of Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated liver injury: a retrospective analysis based on clinical study and real-world data.Hepatology international · 2025Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of sacituzumab govitecan in the treatment of breast cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis of emerging clinical data.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Sequential fulminant hepatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis induced by tislelizumab: A case report.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- A 79-Year-Old Woman With Stage IIIB Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting With Late-Onset Durvalumab‑Associated Myocarditis Requiring Differentiation From Pericardial Invasion.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Cardiovascular Toxicity: Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, and Clinical Impact.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Patient-reported quality-of-life outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: addressing gaps, capturing patient experience, and advancing the field.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Review
- Predictors of severe immune-related adverse events during first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Age and Clinical Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicities in Portugal: A Decade of Pharmacovigilance.Cancers · 2025Article
- Using routine blood tests to predict severe immune-related adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Measuring thymic output across the human lifespan: a critical challenge in laboratory medicine.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Neurological immune-related adverse events with checkpoint inhibitor therapy: challenges for the neurologist.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Review
- Diversity and inclusivity in oncology: A narrative review and orientation for institutional measures in Germany.Translational oncology · 2025Review
- Real-world outcomes and association between immune-related adverse events and therapeutic efficacy of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in elderly patients (≥75 years) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Article
- Weight Loss Reverses the Effects of Aging and Obesity on Mammary Tumor Immunosuppression and Progression.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity and efficacy of immunotherapy in multiple cancer: insights from a meta-analysis.Biological procedures online · 2025Article
- Association of cardiovascular disease and CIRS‑G and ACE‑27 comorbidity indices with pathological complete response of non‑small cell lung cancer to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Article
- Short-term survivors with brain metastases have modest benefits from focal and systemic therapies and remain frequent despite improving treatment landscape.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2025Article
- Unique clinical features and prognostic risk factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients under 30 years old.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to the therapeutic armamentarium for solid malignancies has resulted in unprecedented improvements in patient outcomes in many cancers. The landscape of ICIs continues to evolve with novel approaches such as dual immune checkpoint blockade and combination therapies with other anticancer agents including cytotoxic chemotherapies and/or antiangiogenics. However, there is significant heterogeneity seen in antitumor responses, with certain patients deriving durable benefit, others experiencing initial benefit followed by acquired resistance necessitating change in therapy, and still others who are primarily refractory to ICIs. While generally better tolerated than traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, ICIs are associated with unique toxicities, termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can be severe or even lethal. As a disease of aging, older individuals make up a large proportion of patients diagnosed with cancer, yet this population is often underrepresented in clinical trials. Because ICIs indirectly target malignant cells through T cell activation, it has been hypothesized that age-related changes to the immune system may impact the efficacy and toxicity of these drugs. In this review, we discuss differences in the clinical efficacy and toxicity of ICIs in patients at the extremes of age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.