ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022
Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diet Quality and Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical Trial.Archives of medical research · 2022Trial
- Vitamin D Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular damage and comorbidities related to long COVID: pathomechanisms, prevention, and therapy.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- The Association Between Dietary Supplement Use and COVID-19 Symptoms.Journal of dietary supplements · 2025Article
- A systematic review: The relationship of COVID-19 to iron, zinc, and vitamin D.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2023Article
- Metagenomic assessment of gut microbial communities and risk of severe COVID-19.Genome medicine · 2023Article
- Role of micronutrients in the modulation of immune system and platelet activating factor in patients with COVID-19; a narrative review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
- Vitamin D and COVID-19-Revisited.Journal of internal medicine · 2022Review
- Review
- Metagenomic assessment of gut microbial communities and risk of severe COVID-19.Research square · 2022Article
- An Epidemiological Investigation to evaluate the link between hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Article
- Putative roles of solar UVA and UVB exposure and vitamin D supplementation in reducing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Article
- Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illness.PloS one · 2022Article
- Serum Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Increased COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Independent of Whole-Body and Visceral Adiposity.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Vitamin D: A Potential Mitigation Tool for the Endemic Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic?Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
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16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVitamin D may have a role in immune responses to viral infections. However, data on the association between vitamin D and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity have been limited and inconsistent.
objectiveWe examined the associations of predicted vitamin D status and intake with risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity.
methodsWe used data from periodic surveys (May 2020 to March 2021) within the Nurses' Health Study II. Among 39,315 participants, 1768 reported a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Usual vitamin D intake from foods and supplements were measured using a semiquantitative, pre-pandemic food-frequency questionnaire in 2015. Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration were calculated based on a previously validated model including dietary and supplementary vitamin D intake, UV-B, and other behavioral predictors of vitamin D status.
resultsHigher predicted 25(OH)D concentrations, but not vitamin D intake, were associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Comparing participants in the highest quintile of predicted 25(OH)D concentrations with the lowest, the multivariable-adjusted OR was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.99; P-trend = 0.04). Participants in the highest quartile of UV-B (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.87; P-trend = 0.002) and UV-A (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.88; P-trend < 0.001) also had a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the lowest. High intake of vitamin D from supplements (≥400 IU/d) was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.91; P-trend = 0.04).
conclusionsOur study provides suggestive evidence on the association between higher predicted circulating 25(OH)D concentrations and a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Greater intake of vitamin D supplements was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization. Our data also support an association between exposure to UV-B or UV-A, independently of vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 infection, so results for predicted 25(OH)D need to be interpreted cautiously.
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