Observational studyJournal of clinical psychopharmacology
Risk of Breast Cancer With Prolactin Elevating Antipsychotic Drugs: An Observational Study of US Women (Ages 18-64 Years).
Observational study in Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breast Cancer Risk in over 1.3 Million Women on Antipsychotic Therapy: Life-Saving Drugs or Hidden Trigger for Breast Cancer?Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Mendelian Randomization Studies of Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Cancers: A PRISMA Review and Meta-Analysis.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Pooled it
- Antipsychotic therapy and breast cancer risk: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Pooled it
- The incidence risk of gynecological cancer by antipsychotic use: a meta-analysis of 50,402 patients.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Association of antipsychotic use with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies with over 2 million individuals.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Antipsychotic exposure is an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A systematic review of epidemiological evidence.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Large-scale integration of omics and electronic health records to identify potential risk protein biomarkers and therapeutic drugs for cancer prevention.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.International journal of breast cancer · 2026Review
- Diminished general and sexual hedonic capacity in schizophrenia - a clinical and neural characterization.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Antipsychotics use increases the risk of breast cancer in Women: Findings from systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Review
- Understanding Trends in Incidence and Management of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer in a National Sample Using Claims Data.Journal of surgical oncology · 2025Article
- Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: Toxicologic mechanism and the increased breast cancer risk.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Exposure to psychotropic drugs and breast cancer risk in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a nested case-control study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Prolactin-elevating Antipsychotics: Anti-hero or Savior?Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Bridging the Gap: Interventions to Increase Cancer Screening Adherence in Individuals with Mental Disorders-A Systematic Review.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Antipsychotic Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women With Severe Mental Illness: Replication of a Nationwide Nested Case-Control Database Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Effects of antipsychotic drugs during radiotherapy in breast cancer in South Korea: a retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Mapping recommendations towards an Asian Code Against Cancer (ACAC) as part of the World Code Against Cancer Framework: an Asian National Cancer Centers Alliance (ANCCA) initiative.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2024Review
- Clinical decision-making before discharge in hospitalized persons with schizophrenia: a Spanish Delphi expert consensus.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Association between prolactin increasing antipsychotic use and the risk of breast cancer: a retrospective observational cohort study in a United States Medicaid population.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
PURPOSE/
backgroundAntipsychotic drugs are well established to alter circulating prolactin levels by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the pituitary. Prolactin activates many genes important in the development of breast cancer. Prior studies have found an association with antipsychotic use and risk of breast cancer. METHODS/PROCEDURES: The IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicaid Databases were used to establish a large, observational cohort of women taking antipsychotics drugs compared with anticonvulsants or lithium. A new user design was used that required 12 months of insurance enrollment before the first antipsychotic or anticonvulsant/lithium prescription. Invasive breast cancer was identified using diagnostic codes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the risk of breast cancer with antipsychotic drug exposure controlling for age and other risk factors. FINDINGS/
resultsA total of 914 cases (0.16%) of invasive breast cancer were identified among 540,737 women. Exposure to all antipsychotics was independently associated with a 35% increased risk of breast cancer (aHR [adjusted hazard ratio], 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.61). Category 1 drugs (high prolactin) were associated with a 62% increased risk (aHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.30-2.03), category 2 drugs a 54% increased risk (aHR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.19-1.99), and category 3 drugs were not associated with breast cancer risk. IMPLICATIONS/
conclusionsIn the largest study of antipsychotics taken by US women, a higher risk between antipsychotic drug use and increased risk for breast cancer was observed, with a differential higher association with antipsychotic categories that elevate prolactin. Our study confirms other recent observational studies of increased breast cancer risk with antipsychotics that elevate prolactin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.