ReviewApplied psychology. Health and well-being2022
Understanding safe water-carrying practices during pregnancy and postpartum: A mixed-methods study in Nepal.
Review in Applied psychology. Health and well-being, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05154006 (Promoting Self-efficacy and Social Support to Enable Women to Reduce the Risks of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Related to Heavy Lifting in a Non-randomized Controlled Trial With a 3-arm Parallel Intervention Group Design in Rural Nepal), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Promoting Self-efficacy and Social Support to Enable Women to Reduce the Risks of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Related to Heavy Lifting in a Non-randomized Controlled Trial With a 3-arm Parallel Intervention Group Design in Rural Nepal
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uncovering the hidden implications of water scarcity for maternal health: a photovoice study in rural Malawi (Thyolo district).Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- Self-reported musculoskeletal disorder symptoms and associated factors among water carrying women in Legambo district, Northeastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study design.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Understanding safe water-carrying practices during pregnancy and postpartum: A mixed-methods study in Nepal.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2022Review
- Water carrying in hills of Nepal-associations with women's musculoskeletal disorders, uterine prolapse, and spontaneous abortions.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Daily carrying of heavy loads of domestic water, especially during pregnancy and postpartum, bears a threat to maternal health in low-income countries. Using an extended health action process approach (HAPA), we examined women's reasons for and psychosocial determinants of safe water-carrying during pregnancy and postpartum. In a mixed-methods study, trained local interviewers conducted 1001 quantitative interviews with women of reproductive age (n = 921 analyzed) and 21 qualitative interviews with women of reproductive age, in-laws, and spouses in rural Nepal. We analyzed the quantitative data with generalized estimating equations to model the HAPA-based psychosocial determinants of avoiding water-carrying during pregnancy and postpartum. Subjective perspectives were investigated with thematic analysis. Outcome expectancies (B = 0.24), self-efficacy (B = 0.20), and injunctive norms (B = 0.23) were significantly associated with the intention to avoid water-carrying. Self-efficacy (B = 0.36) and instrumental support (B = 0.05) are related to behavior (all p < 0.05). Women explained water-carrying during pregnancy by a lack of family support, a shift of health decision-making power to in-laws, and low behavioral control. Overall, the necessity of water, family decision-making structures, and low support make it difficult for women to discontinue water-carrying. Additionally to infrastructural improvements, behavioral interventions may increase women's self-efficacy for safe water-carrying (e.g. reducing weight) and social support.
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