Machine Learning Algorithms in Neuroimaging: An Overview.

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the field of neuroimaging have been on the rise in recent years, and their clinical adoption is increasing worldwide. Deep learning (DL) is a field of ML that can be defined as a set of algorithms enabling a computer to be fed with raw data and progressively discover-through multiple layers of representation-more complex and abstract patterns in large data sets. The combination of ML and radiomics, namely the extraction of features from medical images, has proven valuable, too: Radiomic information can be used for enhanced image characterization and prognosis or outcome prediction. This chapter summarizes the basic concepts underlying ML application for neuroimaging and discusses technical aspects of the most promising algorithms, with a specific focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), in order to provide the readership with the fundamental theoretical tools to better understand ML in neuroimaging. Applications are highlighted from a practical standpoint in the last section of the chapter, including: image reconstruction and restoration, image synthesis and super-resolution, registration, segmentation, classification, and outcome prediction.