ArticleBMJ open2021
Factors associated with HIV testing and counselling services among women and men in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using data from a nationally representative survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Inequalities in Enrollment in Nepal's National Health Insurance Program: An Intersectional Analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Insights from a trend analysis of HIV indicators using Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) surveys in Zimbabwe.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Factors Associated with HIV Testing Among Women of Reproductive Age in Liberia: A Cross-Sectional Study from the 2019/20 Demographic and Health Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Social-ecological predictors of HIV testing among adult men: analysis of the 2022 Tanzania demographic and health survey data.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Who has never tested for HIV following a community-based distribution of HIV self-test kits? Establishing associated predictors in rural Zimbabwe.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The Association Between HIV-Related Stigma and the Uptake of HIV Testing and ART Among Older Adults in Rural South Africa: Findings from the HAALSI Cohort Study.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Trends and factors associated with recent HIV testing among women in Haiti: a cross-sectional study using data from nationally representative surveys.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Factors associated with HIV testing among pregnant women in Rwanda: A nationwide cross-sectional survey.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Factors influencing the implementation of integrated screening for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B for pregnant women in Nepal: A qualitative study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Stigma as a barrier and sex work as a protective factor for HIV testing among trans women in Nepal.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Unmet Need for Family Planning and Spousal Separation in Nepal: A Spatial and Multilevel Analysis.International journal of public health · 2023Article
- Factors associated with HIV-positive status awareness among adults with long term HIV infection in four countries in the East and Southern Africa region: A multilevel approach.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Factors influencing HIV testing and counselling services among men who have sex with men in Western China: a cross-sectional study based on Andersen's Behavioral Model.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study is set up to explore the factors associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing among women and men in Nepal. STUDY
designNepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2016 adopts a cross-sectional design.
settingNepal.
participantsWomen and men of age 15-49 years. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Our primary outcome was ever tested for HIV. We used multivariable analysis at a 95% level of significance to measure the effect in outcome variables.
resultsAbout one in 10 women (10.8%) and one in five men (20.5%) ever tested for HIV. Women who had media exposure at least once a week ((adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.8; 95% CI: 1.4 to 5.3) were more likely to get tested for HIV compared with those who had no media exposure at all. Similarly, those who had their recent delivery in the health facility (aOR=3.9; 95% CI: 2.4 to 6.3) were more likely to get tests for HIV compared with those delivered elsewhere. Likewise, among men, compared with adolescents (15-19 years), those from older age groups were more likely to get tested for HIV. Compared with no education, secondary (aOR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.4 to 3.6) and higher education (aOR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.8) had higher odds of getting tested for HIV. Similarly, wealth quintiles in richer and richest groups were more likely to get tested for HIV compared with the poorest quintile. Other characteristics like media exposure, paid sex and 2+ sexual partners were positively associated with being tested for HIV.
conclusionsHIV testing is not widespread and more men than women are accessing HIV services. More than two-thirds of women who delivered at health facilities never tested for HIV. It is imperative to reach out to people engaging in risky sexual behaviour, people with lower educational attainment, and those in the lower wealth quintile for achieving 95-95-95 targets by 2030.
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