ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
The feasibility of field collected pig oronasal secretions as specimens for the virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mosquito vector competence for Japanese encephalitis virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis update.Parasites & vectors · 2025Pooled it
- Isolation and characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I from pig provides evidence for the presence of the virus in nasal secretion and co-circulation of JEV genotypes in Assam, India.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus in piggery effluent and environmental samples: a complementary tool for outbreak detection.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Managing Japanese Encephalitis Virus as a Veterinary Infectious Disease Through Animal Surveillance and One Health Control Strategies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sheep serve as amplifying hosts of Japanese encephalitis virus, increasing the risk of human infection.Science advances · 2025Article
- The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern.Open veterinary journal · 2025Review
- Safety profile of Japanese encephalitis vaccines: a comprehensive analysis of vaccine adverse event reports from 1993 to 2025.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Genetic Characterization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Isolates Circulating in Mosquitoes from Pig and Sheep Farms in Shanghai, China.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Japanese encephlu emergence in Australia: the potential population at risk.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Review
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Emergence of Genotype IV in Australia and Its Potential Endemicity.Viruses · 2022Review
- Re-Examining the Importance of Pigs in the Transmission of Japanese Encephalitis Virus.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) relies on collecting pig blood specimens and adult mosquitoes in the past. Viral RNAs extracted from pig blood specimens suffer from low detecting positivity by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The oronasal transmission of the virus has been demonstrated in experimentally infected pigs. This observation suggested oronasal specimens could be useful source in the virus surveillance. However, the role of this unusual route of transmission remains unproven in the operational pig farm. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using pig oronasal secretions collected by chewing ropes to improve the positivity of detection in commercial pig farms. The multiplex genotype-specific RT-PCR was used in this study to determine and compare the positivity of detecting JEV viral RNAs in pig's oronasal secretions and blood specimens, and the primary mosquito vector. Oronasal specimens had the overall positive rate of 6.0% (95% CI 1.3%-16.6%) (3/50) to 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%-26.5%) (3/30) for JEV during transmission period despite the negative results of all blood-derived specimens (n = 2442). Interestingly, pig oronasal secretions and female Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito samples collected from the same pig farm showed similar viral RNA positive rates, 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%-26.5%) (3/30) and 8.9% (95% CI 2.5%-21.2%) (4/45), respectively (p> 0.05). Pig oronasal secretion-based surveillance revealed the seasonality of viral activity and identified closely related genotype I virus derived from the mosquito isolates. This finding indicates oronasal secretion-based RT-PCR assay can be a non-invasive, alternative method of implementing JEV surveillance in the epidemic area prior to the circulation of virus-positive mosquitoes.
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