Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34860581›Full record

ArticleScience immunology2021

A particulate saponin/TLR agonist vaccine adjuvant alters lymph flow and modulates adaptive immunity.

Murillo Silva, Yu Kato, Mariane B Melo, Ivy Phung, Brian L Freeman, Zhongming Li, Kangsan Roh, Jan W Van Wijnbergen, Hannah Watkins, Chiamaka A Enemuo and 31 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
123citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.9field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

123 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. B cells in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic advances.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026
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  17. Deep learning-enabled scaffolding of spatial arrays of PfCSP epitopes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

41 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.

Murillo SilvaKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4668-6290
Yu KatoConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4743-1775
Mariane B MeloKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0409-2454
Ivy PhungConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7283-4766
Brian L FreemanCenter for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9496-9001
Zhongming LiKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Kangsan RohEdwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8067-7772
Jan W Van WijnbergenEdwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2828-321X
Hannah WatkinsKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Chiamaka A EnemuoYerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Brittany L HartwellKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5438-9010
Jason Y H ChangKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2238-8232
Shuhao XiaoKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7522-3626
Kristen A RodriguesKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0680-9834
Kimberly M CirelliConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Na LiKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Sonya HauptCenter for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8371-3713
Aereas AungKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2429-5547
Benjamin CossetteKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Wuhbet AbrahamKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Swati KatariaKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4171-3547
Raiza BastidasConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Jinal BhimanConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6354-4003
Caitlyn LindeRagon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5752-0718
Nathaniel I BloomCenter for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6338-9098
Bettina GroschelConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3127-5448
Erik GeorgesonConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5137-4625
Nicole PhelpsConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9613-3921
Ayush ThomasKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1966-8935
Julia BalsRagon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9740-7637
Diane G CarnathanConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Daniel LingwoodRagon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5631-9238
Dennis R BurtonConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6711-9864
Galit AlterRagon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7680-9215
Timothy P PaderaEdwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3453-9384
Angela M BelcherKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9353-7453
William R SchiefConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1120-0150
Guido SilvestriConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6602-2470
Ruth M RuprechtTexas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
Shane CrottyConsortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6484-6262
Darrell J IrvineKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8637-1405
Massachusetts Institute of Technology · USInternational AIDS Vaccine Initiative · USScripps Research Institute · USRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard · USCenter for Cancer Research · USLa Jolla Institute for Immunology · USEmory University · USTexas Biomedical Research Institute · US

Funding

Identification of neutralizing epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike for design of vaccines and small-molecule antiviralsUM1AI144462 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI BURTON, DENNIS R. · 2019 to 2025
$201.6M
Yerkes National Primate Research Center Role of type-I IFN in regulating COVID-19 induced inflammation and pathogenesisP51OD011132 · OD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Joon Sup Lee · 2012 to 2026
$167.0M
Support Component D/Vaccine Discovery, Concept to ClinicUM1AI100663 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI BAROUCH, DAN H. · 2012 to 2018
$131.5M
The Southwest National Primate Research Center Supplement- Infrastructure improvements of ABSL2 holding areasP51OD011133 · OD · TEXAS BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI Larry S. Schlesinger · 2012 to 2026
$129.7M
VIRUS PRODUCTION COREP30CA014051 · NCI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI Kristin A Knouse · 1985 to 2026
$93.9M
Virology and ImmunologyP01AI048240 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI RUPRECHT, RUTH MARGRIT · 2000 to 2020
$46.7M
Viral Testing Core-Maintenance of the SPF Breeding Colonies at Yerkes National Primate Research CenterU42OD011023 · OD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Joyce Kimberly Cohen · 2018 to 2026
$17.5M
Vaccine Adjuvant/ Delivery Systems CoreP01AI104715 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI ALLEN, TODD M · 2013 to 2017
$12.3M
Maximizing germinal centers and somatic hypermutation to HIV Env immunogensR37AI125068 · NIAID · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI Shane P Crotty, Darrell J Irvine · 2021 to 2026
$5.4M
Postdoctoral Training Program in AIDS-related ResearchT32AI007386 · NIAID · DANA-FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE · PI CANTOR, HARVEY, ENGELMAN, ALAN N. · 1990 to 2023
$5.3M
Combining germline-targeting, B cell immunofocusing and Env-Ab coevolution strategies to induce HIV Envelope V2-apex broadly neutralizing antibodiesR61AI161818 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI ANDRABI, RAIEES AHMAD, SHAW, GEORGE M · 2021 to 2023
$4.7M
Maximizing germinal centers and somatic hypermutation to HIV Env immunogensR01AI125068 · NIAID · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI CROTTY, SHANE P, IRVINE, DARRELL J · 2016 to 2020
$4.3M
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNCI NIH HHS P30 CA014051NCI NIH HHS R01 CA214913NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI048240NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI104715NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI125068NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI137057NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI153098NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI155447NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI125068NIAID NIH HHS R61 AI161297NIAID NIH HHS R61 AI161818NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007386NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI100663NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144462NIH HHS P51 OD011132NIH HHS P51 OD011133NIH HHS S10 OD021831NIH HHS U42 OD011023
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Saponins are potent and safe vaccine adjuvants, but their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Here, we explored the properties of several saponin formulations, including immune-stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) formed by the self-assembly of saponin and phospholipids in the absence or presence of the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). We found that MPLA self-assembles with saponins to form particles physically resembling ISCOMs, which we termed saponin/MPLA nanoparticles (SMNP). Saponin-containing adjuvants exhibited distinctive mechanisms of action, altering lymph flow in a mast cell–dependent manner and promoting antigen entry into draining lymph nodes. SMNP was particularly effective, exhibiting even greater potency than the compositionally related adjuvant AS01

Indexed as

Adaptive ImmunityAdjuvants, ImmunologicAnimalsB-LymphocytesCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesFemaleLymphMacaca mulattaMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLNanoparticlesRatsRats, WistarSaponinsToll-Like ReceptorsAdjuvants, ImmunologicSaponinsToll-Like Receptors

Identifiers

PMID34860581
PMCPMC8763571
OpenAlexW3216119267

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.