ArticleScience immunology2021
A particulate saponin/TLR agonist vaccine adjuvant alters lymph flow and modulates adaptive immunity.
Article in Science immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bibliometric analysis of traditional Chinese medicine for viral infections through immune modulation (2015-2025).Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
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- Vaccine elicitation of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies from genome-edited B cells in non-human primates and derived lymphoid organoids.Gene therapy · 2026Article
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- Dendritic Lipopeptide Nanovaccines Orchestrate Multi-Pattern Recognition Receptors Activation and Potentiate Antitumor Immunity.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Rapid boosting increases germinal center responses to sequential vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Characterization of a transmembrane-activating STING agonist using genetically humanized mice.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Atomic layer deposition for core-shell microparticle vaccines enabling programmable antigen delivery to lymph nodes enhance humoral immune responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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- Advancements in nanomaterial-based adjuvants for animal vaccines.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Mannosylated nanoparticle immunogens enhance the circumsporozoite protein-specific B cell response and improve protection against sporozoite challenge.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Deep learning-enabled scaffolding of spatial arrays of PfCSP epitopes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Germline-targeting HIV immunogen induces cross-neutralizing antibodies in outbred macaques.Immunity · 2026Article
- Decoding epitope immunodominance in HIV Env using cryoEM and machine learning.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Local antibody feedback enforces a checkpoint on affinity maturation in the germinal center and promotes epitope spreading.Immunity · 2026Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
41 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Saponins are potent and safe vaccine adjuvants, but their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Here, we explored the properties of several saponin formulations, including immune-stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) formed by the self-assembly of saponin and phospholipids in the absence or presence of the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). We found that MPLA self-assembles with saponins to form particles physically resembling ISCOMs, which we termed saponin/MPLA nanoparticles (SMNP). Saponin-containing adjuvants exhibited distinctive mechanisms of action, altering lymph flow in a mast cell–dependent manner and promoting antigen entry into draining lymph nodes. SMNP was particularly effective, exhibiting even greater potency than the compositionally related adjuvant AS01
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.