ArticleThe Journal of pathology2022
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-1 and IDO-2 activity and severe course of COVID-19.
Article in The Journal of pathology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Quinolinic acid as trigger/biomarker of dysosmia/dysgeusia in patients with acute coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective case-control study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The kynurenine pathway in RNA virus infection: immunometabolic control of antiviral defense and viral persistence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Human lncRNA, hLinfRNA7 (IDO1-AS) Regulates Cytokine Expression, Tryptophan Catabolism, and Inflammatory Response in Macrophage.Molecular and cellular biology · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- IDO2-AhR axis as central regulator of the kynurenine pathway in glioblastoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor dysregulation and its correlation with immunomodulatory markers in COVID-19 patients.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- Review
- Differential immunometabolic responses to Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in golden syrian hamsters.iScience · 2024Article
- Kynurenine Pathway in Respiratory Diseases.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2024Review
- Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in infection and inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- A ketogenic diet can mitigate SARS-CoV-2 induced systemic reprogramming and inflammation.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Correlation between immune-related Tryptophan-Kynurenine pathway and severity of severe pneumonia and inflammation-related polyunsaturated fatty acids.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- COVID-19. Biology, pathophysiology, and immunology: a pathologist view.Pathologica · 2023Review
- The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: a neglected therapeutic target of COVID-19 pathophysiology and immunotherapy.Bioscience reports · 2023Article
- Identification of a protein expression signature distinguishing early from organising diffuse alveolar damage in COVID-19 patients.Journal of clinical pathology · 2023Article
- Integrative Plasma Metabolic and Lipidomic Modelling of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Relation to Clinical Severity and Early Mortality Prediction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Altered Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in Delirium: A Review of the Current Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Diagnostic, Prognostic and Mechanistic Biomarkers of COVID-19 Identified by Mass Spectrometric Metabolomics.Metabolites · 2023Review
- Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms.Vaccines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. In an autopsy cohort of COVID-19 patients, we found extensive accumulation of the tryptophan degradation products 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid and quinolinic acid in the lungs, heart, and brain. This was not related to the expression of the tryptophan-catabolizing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-1, but rather to that of its isoform IDO-2, which otherwise is expressed rarely. Bioavailability of tryptophan is an absolute requirement for proper cell functioning and synthesis of hormones, whereas its degradation products can cause cell death. Markers of apoptosis and severe cellular stress were associated with IDO-2 expression in large areas of lung and heart tissue, whereas affected areas in brain were more restricted. Analyses of tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and sequential plasma samples indicate early initiation of the kynurenine/aryl-hydrocarbon receptor/IDO-2 axis as a positive feedback loop, potentially leading to severe COVID-19 pathology. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.