ArticleNeuro-oncology advances2021
A review of neurotoxicities associated with immunotherapy and a framework for evaluation.
Article in Neuro-oncology advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Locoregional delivery of CAR T cells in high-grade gliomas: a systematic analysis of safety, efficacy, and emerging biomarkers of response.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Pooled it
- The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026Review
- Neurotoxicity of Immunotherapy: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Encephalitis vs. Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome.World journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Neuromuscular complications associated with cancer immunotherapy.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2025Review
- Cancer-related cognitive impairment: a review of National Institutes of Health‑Funded grants (2017-2024).Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2025Article
- Addressing the Needs of Breast Cancer Survivors.Current oncology reports · 2025Review
- Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy research: a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant portfolio analysis (2014-2023).JNCI cancer spectrum · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy-related neurotoxicity in the central nervous system of children with cancer.Neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Review
- Review
- The path to leptomeningeal metastasis.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2024Review
- Case report: A rare case of immunotherapy induced isolated left CN VI palsy in a patient with unresectable melanoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Harnessing immunotherapy for brain metastases: insights into tumor-brain microenvironment interactions and emerging treatment modalities.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2023Review
- Immunotherapy associated central nervous system complications in primary brain tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Dose-dependent thresholds of dexamethasone destabilize CAR T-cell treatment efficacy.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome in chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immuno-oncology agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapies, are increasing in use for a growing list of oncologic indications. While harnessing the immune system against cancer cells has a potent anti-tumor effect, it can also cause widespread autoimmune toxicities that limit therapeutic potential. Neurologic toxicities have unique presentations and can progress rapidly, necessitating prompt recognition. In this article, we review the spectrum of central and peripheral neurologic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with ICI therapies, emphasizing a diagnostic framework that includes consideration of the therapy regimen, timing of symptom onset, presence of non-neurologic irAEs, pre-existing neurologic disease, and syndrome specific features. In addition, we review the immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) associated with CAR-T cell therapy and address diagnostic challenges specific to patients with brain metastases. As immunotherapy use grows, so too will the number of patients affected by neurotoxicity. There is an urgent need to understand pathogenic mechanisms, predictors, and optimal treatments of these toxicities, so that we can manage them without sacrificing anti-tumor efficacy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.