ArticleNeuro-oncology advances2021
Emergent immunotherapy approaches for brain metastases.
Article in Neuro-oncology advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Implementation and Oncological Relevance of Molecular Profiling in Brain Metastases Patients-A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- PD-1 Blockade-Induced DKK1 Expression by CD8+ T Cells Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Permeabilization.Cancer discovery · 2026Article
- Meeting Report From the 2024 Symposium on IRAK4 in Cancer: Highlights and Clinical Updates.Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia · 2025Review
- G-protein coupled receptor 183 (GPR183) inhibits visceral metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2025Article
- Multiple craniotomies in patients with brain metastases: a two-center, propensity score-matched study.Neurosurgical review · 2024Article
- Safety of microneurosurgical interventions for superficial and deep-seated brain metastases: single-center cohort study of 637 consecutive cases.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2023Article
- Article
- Oral IRAK-4 Inhibitor CA-4948 Is Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrant and Has Single-Agent Activity against CNS Lymphoma and Melanoma Brain Metastases.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain metastases from solid tumors are increasing in incidence, especially as outcomes of systemic therapies continue to extend patients' overall survival. The long-held notion that the brain is an immune sanctuary has now been largely refuted with increasing evidence that immunotherapy can induce durable responses in brain metastases. Single agent immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 antibodies induces durable responses in 15%-20% in melanoma brain metastases as long as patients are asymptomatic and do not require corticosteroids. The combination of anti-CTLA4 with anti-PD-1 antibodies induces an intracranial response in over 50% of asymptomatic melanoma patients, and much lower rate of otherwise durable responses (20%) in symptomatic patients or those on steroids. Data in other cancers, such as renal cell carcinoma, are accumulating indicating a role for immunotherapy. Emerging immunotherapy approaches will have to focus on increasing response rates, decreasing toxicity, and decreasing steroid dependency. The path to those advances will have to include a better understanding of the mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy in brain metastases, the use of novel agents such as anti-LAG3 checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy (oncogene directed or TKIs), and possibly surgery and SRS to improve the outcomes of patients with brain metastases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.