ArticleTranslational lung cancer research2021
Menstrual factors, reproductive history, and risk of lung cancer: a multi-center population-based cohort study in Chinese females.
Article in Translational lung cancer research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding and subsequent risk of 24 types of maternal cancer: a cohort study of Chinese women.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Risk Factors Associated With Incidence of Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JTO clinical and research reports · 2025Article
- Exposure-lag response of surface net solar radiation on lung cancer incidence: a global time-series analysis.Translational lung cancer research · 2024Article
- Age at first sexual intercourse, age at menarche, and age at menopause: a mendelian randomization study on lung cancer risk.Translational lung cancer research · 2024Article
- Integrated database-based Screening Cohort for Asian Nomadic descendants in China (Scan-China): Insights on prospective ethnicity-focused cancer screening.Epidemiology and health · 2023Article
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25 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundFemale menstrual and reproductive factors, as remarkable indicators of hormone effect, were hypothesized to be associated with lung cancer risk, whereas the existed epidemiological evidence was inconsistent. Our study aims to investigate the association between menstrual and reproductive factors and lung cancer risk based on the Chinese Lung Cancer Screening Program.
methodsThis study was based on a large-scale multi-center population cohort across China recruiting individuals aged 40-74 years old between 2013-2018. Cox regression model was applied to estimate the HRs and 95% CIs. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was used to estimate dose-response relationships and test for nonlinear associations.
resultsAmong 553,434 female participants, 1,529 incident lung cancer cases were identified with a median follow-up of 3.61 years. With adjustment for multiple covariates and all significant hormonal factors, elevated lung cancer risk was associated with later age (15, or ≥16 years) at menarche (HR =1.27, 95% CI: 1.04-1.56; HR =1.45, 95% CI: 1.19-1.76), later age (25-29, or ≥30 years) at first live birth (HR =1.27, 95% CI: 1.13-1.43; HR =1.23, 95% CI: 1.00-1.51), and benign breast disease history (HR =1.25, 95% CI: 1.10-1.41). For postmenopausal females specifically, surgical menopause (HR =1.62; 95% CI: 1.29-2.05) and other surgeries on the reproductive system (HR =1.19; 95% CI: 1.01-1.40) both appeared to be predictive of elevated lung cancer risk. Concerning age at menopause, a nonlinear association was observed (P-nonlinear =0.0126). Increased lung cancer risk was observed among females with age at menopause especially above 50. Although we observed no significant associations between longer time (≥13 months) of breastfeeding and lung cancer risk among all participants (HR =0.86; 95% CI: 0.71-1.04), significant decreased adenocarcinoma risk (HR =0.65; 95% CI: 0.53-0.81) was noted among nonsmoking females.
conclusionsOur findings add some support for the role of menstrual and reproductive factors in lung carcinogenesis. However, these relationships were complex, and required further investigations addressing the biological mechanisms.
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