ArticleBMJ open2021
Association between interpregnancy interval and pregnancy complications by history of complications: a population-based cohort study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of risk factors for recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Birth spacing and risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Pooled it
- Perceptions and recommendations of multiparas and health-related professionals on appropriate birth intervals: A descriptive qualitative study.International journal of nursing sciences · 2025Article
- Effect of interpregnancy interval on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus during a second pregnancy.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Association of interpregnancy interval with adverse pregnancy outcomes according to the outcomes of the preceding pregnancy: a longitudinal study with 4.7 million live births from Brazil.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine if the association between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and pregnancy complications varies by the presence or absence of previous complications. DESIGN AND
settingPopulation-based longitudinally linked cohort study in Western Australia (WA).
participantsMothers who had their first two (n=252 368) and three (n=96 315) consecutive singleton births in WA between 1980 and 2015. OUTCOME MEASURES: We estimated absolute risks (AR) of preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes (GDM) for 3-60 months of IPI according to history of each outcome. We modelled IPI using restricted cubic splines and reported adjusted relative risk (RRs) with 95% CI at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, with 18 months as reference.
resultsRisks of PE and GDM were 9.5%, 2.6% in first pregnancies, with recurrence rates of 19.3% and 41.5% in second pregnancy for PE and GDM, respectively. The AR of GDM ranged from 30% to 43% across the IPI range for mothers with previous GDM compared with 2%-8% for mothers without previous GDM. For mothers with no previous PE, greater risks were observed for IPIs at 3 months (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.43) and 60 months (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.53) compared with 18 months. There was insufficient evidence for increased risk of PE at shorter IPIs of <18 months for mothers with previous PE. Shorter IPIs of <18 months were associated with lower risk than at IPIs of 18 months for mothers with no previous GDM.
conclusionsThe associations between IPIs and risk of PE or GDM on subsequent pregnancies are modified by previous experience with these conditions. Mothers with previous complications had higher absolute, but lower RRs than mothers with no previous complications. However, IPI remains a potentially modifiable risk factor for mothers with previous complicated pregnancies.
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