SynthesisJournal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society2022
Cognitive Screening Instruments for Older Adults with Low Educational and Literacy Levels: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Illiteracy, Neuropsychological Assessment, and Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Pooled it
- Cognitive screening for MCI in low-educated and illiterate older adults: comparative diagnostic accuracy of four instruments.European geriatric medicine · 2026Article
- Low-burden AI approach for cross-national early identification of cognitive impairment using real-world questionnaire response behaviours.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Heart failure and cognitive impairment: a narrative review.ESC heart failure · 2026Review
- Cohort profile: a community-based prospective cohort study of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2026Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of drawing tests and their combinations for post-stroke cognitive impairment in patients with lower education.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Association Between the Color Kanji Pick-Out Test App Performance and Cognitive Frailty as a Potential Early Screening Marker for Cognitive Decline.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Early cognitive screening for individuals on the dementia continuum: A novel approach amid current trends.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Review
- Limitations of MMSE in Cognitive Assessment: Revealing Latent Risk via Structural Brain Atrophy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Validation of the Arabic version of the short 10/66 dementia diagnostic schedule for the Lebanese population.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Dementia Care Partner Health Literacy as a Mediator Between Education and Burden at Hospital Discharge.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Reducing Educational Bias in Cognitive Assessment via Dynamic Support Vector Machine Weighting: Validation Study on an Education-Stratified Dataset.JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies · 2026Article
- Beyond the cut-off: measurement bias, calibration, and fairness in mild cognitive impairment screening.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association between community-based services, psychological resilience, and cognitive impairment among older adults in China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Psychometric Properties of a Neuropsychological Assessment Scale for Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease in the Illiterate and Low-Educated Subjects in Iran.Iranian journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Identification in Illiterate and Low-Educated People: Systematic Review About the Use of Brief Cognitive Screening Tools.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cognitive screening and education: assessing the Montreal Cognitive Assessment's validity in older Ugandan populations.Academia mental health & well-being · 2025Article
- Is the MMSE enough for MCI? A narrative review of the usefulness of the MMSE.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
- Improved dementia screening for elderly with low education in South Korea using the Cognitive Impairment Screening Test (CIST).Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study presents a systematic review on existing cognitive screening tools for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in populations with low education and literacy levels. Cochrane Library, PubMed and LILACS databases were examined for studies including adults aged 50 years old or older with low educational level. 61 articles were included. Despite its frequent use, studies on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) revealed that educational level biased the score obtained, regardless of other factors. Separately, the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, the Fototest, or the Eurotest, appear to minimize the effect of education and literacy. MMSE is unreliable for individuals with low literacy. Tasks involving reading, writing, arithmetics, drawing, praxis, visuospatial, and visuoconstructive skills have a greater educational bias than naming, orientation, or memory. An adequate determination of educational level and validation of instruments in populations with heterogeneous levels of literacy requires further research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.