ReviewSurgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA2022
What are the retromolar and bifid/trifid mandibular canals as seen on cone-beam computed tomography? Revisiting classic gross anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve and correcting terminology.
Review in Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Frequency, location, and diameter of the anastomosis between the posterior superior alveolar artery and the infraorbital artery in imaging studies: systematic review and meta-analysis.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2023Pooled it
- Morphology of the bifid mandibular canal and its relationship with mandibular third molar: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study.Imaging science in dentistry · 2026Article
- Imaging-Based Clinical Management of Mandibular Canal Variants: PR-CBCT-Selective MRI.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Prevalence and topography of bifid and trifid mandibular canal in Turkish Western Anatolia Population: evaluation of the inferior alveolar canal with CBCT.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2024Article
- The alveolar canals and foramina in the first edition of Terminologia Oroanatomica: a preview.Anatomical science international · 2024Review
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- Prevalence and Characteristics of Accessory Mandibular Canals: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study in a European Adult Population.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Real Anatomy of Mandibular Canal: "New Features and Prospectives in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery".In vivo (Athens, Greece)Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeSince cone-beam computed tomography was developed, a number of radiological studies on the bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) and trifid mandibular canals (TMCs) have been reported. However, many of the suggested subtypes of the BMC described in the literature seem to be normal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve. This might be due to a lack of revisiting classic anatomical studies in the field of radiology. Therefore, such studies are revisited here.
methodsA database search using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted on BMC and TMC. Eighty-nine articles underwent full-text assessment. The reported three classifications of BMC and the six modified classifications were reviewed and compared to the intramandibular inferior alveolar nerve branches.
resultsSome subtypes of BMC and TMC simply represent normal inferior alveolar nerve branches, i.e., retromolar branch, molar branch (alveolar branch/dental branch), large mental branch, or communicating branch. Others such as Naitoh's type III BMC and forward canal might be a true BMC.
conclusionWe found that the bifid mandibular canal is an additional intramandibular canal running parallel to the mandibular canal with/without confluence with the main canal through comparison of classifications of BMC/TMC between the radiology and anatomy fields.
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