ArticlePsychiatric research and clinical practice2021
Psychotic-Like Experiences in Adolescence Occurring in Combination or Isolation: Associations with Schizophrenia Risk Factors.
Article in Psychiatric research and clinical practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Concordance of positive, negative and disorganised psychotic syndromes in five twin samples.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Associations between psychotic experience dimensions and polygenic liability to schizophrenia in a longitudinal birth cohort.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Associations of psychotic symptom dimensions with clinical and developmental variables in twin and general clinical samples.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Article
- Genetic and Geographical Associations With Six Dimensions of Psychotic Experiences in Adolesence.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIndividual adolescent psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are associated with schizophrenia risk factors. As DSM-5 schizophrenia requires the co-occurrence of at least two psychotic symptoms, we investigated whether co-occurring adolescent PLEs have stronger associations with schizophrenia risk factors, lower quality of life and functioning, and have higher heritability, than individual PLEs.
methodsParticipants were 9646 16-year-old twins from the longitudinal Twins Early Development Study. We investigated co-occurrence of high questionnaire scores for three PLE combinations: (1) paranoia and hallucinations; (2) paranoia or hallucinations, and cognitive disorganization; and (3) paranoia or hallucinations, and negative symptoms, and their associations with 11 schizophrenia-relevant variables by regression analysis and structural equation twin modeling.
resultsAgainst expectation, none of the co-occurring PLEs had the nominally strongest associations significantly more often than individual PLEs. Co-occurring PLEs had the strongest associations with bullying victimization, cannabis use and lower life satisfaction, but individual PLEs had the strongest associations with cognitive function variables. Obstetric complications were most associated with negative symptoms. Secondary analysis revealed that co-occurrence of cognitive disorganization and negative symptoms had the nominally strongest associations with most schizophrenia-relevant variables overall and relatively high heritability (67%).
conclusionsFocusing on co-occurrence enhances some individual PLE associations but obscures others. The combination of subjective cognitive disorganization plus observed negative symptoms showed a broad range of enhanced associations with schizophrenia-relevant variables. Future research could investigate associations with other risk factors and the ability of this PLE combination to predict onset of schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
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