SynthesisPloS one2021
The worldwide burden of HIV in transgender individuals: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 231 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV prevalence in transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Identifying Effective Strategies for Improving Engagement in HIV Prevention and Care Among Transgender Persons in the United States: A Systematic Review.AIDS and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Health status of transgender people globally: A systematic review of research on disease burden and correlates.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Use and HIV Risk among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: a Systematic Review.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Pooled it
- Feasibility and Acceptability of a mHealth Patient Navigation Intervention to Increase Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake in Racially and Ethnically Diverse Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Los Angeles (PrEPresent): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2025Trial
- Integrated PrEP and STI Services for Transgender Women in Uganda: Qualitative Findings from a Randomized Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- Urine tenofovir testing for real-time PrEP adherence feedback: a qualitative study involving transgender women in Uganda.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Trial
- Efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in transgender women: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 083 trial.The lancet. HIV · 2023Trial
- Estradiol and Spironolactone Plasma Pharmacokinetics Among Brazilian Transgender Women Using HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: Analysis of Potential Interactions.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2023Trial
- Gender-responsive infectious disease models: Guidelines and systematic scoping review.Dialogues in health · 2026Review
- PrEP Use and Willingness Cascades Among Transgender Women in 11 Asian Countries: Findings From the PrEP APPEAL Cross-Sectional Online Survey.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Observational
- The HIV care continuum and determinants of antiretroviral therapy initiation among transgender women in France (1997-2023): a longitudinal cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Reactive Rapid Test Results for Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Factors Among Transgender People Attending Specialized Health Services in Brazil.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Misinformation, Social Media, and Myths About Injectable ART: Communication Barriers to HIV Care Among Transgender Women in India.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- HIV Testing Service Utilization Among Transgender Communities: Insights from a Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey in India.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Psychosocial Mechanisms Linking Intersecting Stigmas and Condomless Anal Sex Among Transgender Women in India.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Stalled Progress in HIV Prevention for Trans Women in San Francisco: A Call for Upstream Solutions and Renewed Support for Public Health and Human Rights.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Monitoring the HIV response for trans people in Europe and Central Asia.HIV medicine · 2026Article
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionTransgender individuals are at risk for HIV. HIV risks are dynamic and there have been substantial changes in HIV prevention (e.g., pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP]). It is thus time to revisit HIV prevalence and burden among transgender individuals. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was thus to examine worldwide prevalence and burden of HIV over the course of the epidemic among trans feminine and trans masculine individuals.
methodsWe conducted an updated systematic review by searching PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, for studies of any research design published in in a peer-reviewed journal in any language that reported HIV prevalence among transgender individuals published between January 2000 and January 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed methodological quality. We then conducted a meta-analysis, using random-effects modelling, to ascertain standardized prevalence and the relative burden of HIV carried by transgender individuals by country and year of data collection, and then by geographic region. We additionally explored the impact of sampling methods and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
resultsBased on 98 studies, overall standardized HIV prevalence over the course of the epidemic, based on weights from each country by year, was 19.9% (95% CI 14.7% - 25.1%) for trans feminine individuals (n = 48,604) and 2.56% (95% CI 0.0% - 5.9%) for trans masculine individuals (n = 6460). Overall OR for HIV infection, compared with individuals over age 15, was 66.0 (95% CI 51.4-84.8) for trans feminine individuals and 6.8 (95% CI 3.6-13.1) for trans masculine individuals. Prevalence varied by geographic region (13.5% - 29.9%) and sampling method (5.4% - 37.8%). Lastly, PrEP effects on prevalence could not be established.
conclusionTrans feminine and trans masculine individuals are disproportionately burdened by HIV. Their unique prevention and care needs should be comprehensively addressed. Future research should further investigate the impact of sampling methods on HIV prevalence, and monitor the potential impact of PrEP.
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