ArticlePediatrics2021
The Childhood Vaccination Schedule and the Lack of Association With Type 1 Diabetes.
Article in Pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aluminium adjuvants in vaccines and potential health effects: systematic review.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Pooled it
- Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy: Insights and Improvement Strategies Drawn from a Multi-Study Review.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Vaccine hesitancy among parents of children with chronic diseases of different pathophysiology: a cross-sectional study in Sivas, Türkiye.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Providers' Attitudes to Proposed Changes in the Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening Algorithm.Pediatric cardiology · 2022Article
- Multi-Faceted Influence of Obesity on Type 1 Diabetes in Children - From Disease Pathogenesis to Complications.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Monitoring Vaccine Safety: United States Vaccine Safety Surveillance Systems.Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & PractitionersArticle
- Association Between Aluminum Exposure From Vaccines Before Age 24 Months and Persistent Asthma at Age 24 to 59 Months.Academic pediatricsObservational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesSafety studies assessing the association between the entire recommended childhood immunization schedule and autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), are lacking. To examine the association between the recommended immunization schedule and T1DM, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of children born between 2004 and 2014 in 8 US health care organizations that participate in the Vaccine Safety Datalink.
methodsThree measures of the immunization schedule were assessed: average days undervaccinated (ADU), cumulative antigen exposure, and cumulative aluminum exposure. T1DM incidence was identified by International Classification of Disease codes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze associations between the 3 exposure measures and T1DM incidence. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Models were adjusted for sex, race and ethnicity, birth year, mother's age, birth weight, gestational age, number of well-child visits, and study site.
resultsIn a cohort of 584 171 children, the mean ADU was 38 days, the mean cumulative antigen exposure was 263 antigens (SD = 54), and the mean cumulative aluminum exposure was 4.11 mg (SD = 0.73). There were 1132 incident cases of T1DM. ADU (aHR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99-1.02) and cumulative antigen exposure (aHR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-1.00) were not associated with T1DM. Cumulative aluminum exposure >3.00 mg was inversely associated with T1DM (aHR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60-0.99).
conclusionsThe recommended schedule is not positively associated with the incidence of T1DM in children. These results support the safety of the recommended childhood immunization schedule.
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Registered trials
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