Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34849812›Full record

ArticleG3 (Bethesda, Md.)2021

Codon usage bias and dinucleotide preference in 29 Drosophila species.

Prajakta P Kokate, Stephen M Techtmann, Thomas Werner

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in G3 (Bethesda, Md.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 27% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
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  6. Sex-biased duplicates are rapidly generated duringbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
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  9. Dinucleotide preferences underlie apparent codon preference reversals in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Prajakta P KokateDepartment of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4766-239X
Stephen M TechtmannDepartment of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8702-9329
Thomas WernerDepartment of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8865-365X
Michigan Technological University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Codon usage bias, where certain codons are used more frequently than their synonymous counterparts, is an interesting phenomenon influenced by three evolutionary forces: mutation, selection, and genetic drift. To better understand how these evolutionary forces affect codon usage bias, an extensive study to detect how codon usage patterns change across species is required. This study investigated 668 single-copy orthologous genes independently in 29 Drosophila species to determine how the codon usage patterns change with phylogenetic distance. We found a strong correlation between phylogenetic distance and codon usage bias and observed striking differences in codon preferences between the two subgenera Drosophila and Sophophora. As compared to the subgenus Sophophora, species of the subgenus Drosophila showed reduced codon usage bias and a reduced preference specifically for codons ending with C, except for codons with G in the second position. We found that codon usage patterns in all species were influenced by the nucleotides in the codon's 2nd and 3rd positions rather than the biochemical properties of the amino acids encoded. We detected a concordance between preferred codons and preferred dinucleotides (at positions 2 and 3 of codons). Furthermore, we observed an association between speciation, codon preferences, and dinucleotide preferences. Our study provides the foundation to understand how selection acts on dinucleotides to influence codon usage bias.

Indexed as

Codon UsageDrosophilaAnimalsBiological EvolutionCodonPhylogenySelection, GeneticCodoncodon usage biasdinucleotide preferenceDrosophilaevolutionsynonymous codons

Identifiers

PMID34849812
PMCPMC8496323
OpenAlexW3169967178

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.