ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Fragility indices for only sufficiently likely modifications.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Assessing the robustness of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy trials: systematic review and meta-analysis, January 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Pooled it
- Nonattainability of the Fragility Index.Cureus · 2026Article
- An alternative method for assessing the fragility of survival analysis results: a proof-of-concept study based on the log-rank test.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- The Role of Double-Zero-Event Studies in Evidence Synthesis: Evaluating Robustness Using the Fragility Index.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2025Article
- Robustness Assessment of Oncology Dose-Finding Trials Using the Modified Fragility Index.Cancers · 2024Article
- Online haemodiafiltration and all-cause mortality: how fragile are the results of the studies published so far?Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2024Article
- Article
- Is biomedical research self-correcting? Modelling insights on the persistence of spurious science.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Article
- Assessing the robustness of results from clinical trials and meta-analyses with the fragility index.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Review
- Empirical assessment of fragility index based on a large database of clinical studies in the Cochrane Library.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2023Article
- Article
- Paediatric surgical trials, their fragility index, and why to avoid using it to evaluate results.Pediatric surgery international · 2022Article
- On clinical trial fragility due to patients lost to follow up.BMC medical research methodology · 2021Article
- Beyond the Fragility Index.Pharmaceutical statisticsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The fragility index is a clinically meaningful metric based on modifying patient outcomes that is increasingly used to interpret the robustness of clinical trial results. The fragility index relies on a concept that explores alternative realizations of the same clinical trial by modifying patient measurements. In this article, we propose to generalize the fragility index to a family of fragility indices called the incidence fragility indices that permit only outcome modifications that are sufficiently likely and provide an exact algorithm to calculate the incidence fragility indices. Additionally, we introduce a far-reaching generalization of the fragility index to any data type and explain how to permit only sufficiently likely modifications for nondichotomous outcomes. All of the proposed methodologies follow the fragility index concept.
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Registered trials
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