Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34847621›Full record

ArticleNeuropathology and applied neurobiology2022

Automated immunofluorescence analysis for sensitive and precise dystrophin quantification in muscle biopsies.

Tatyana A Vetter, Stefan Nicolau, Adrienne J Bradley, Emma C Frair, Kevin M Flanigan

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Neuropathology and applied neurobiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
1.1field-weighted citation impact, top 23% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Journal of neuromuscular diseases · 2026
    Article
  2. Observational
  3. The D2.B10-DmdThe American journal of pathology · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Tatyana A VetterCenter for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9904-9140
Stefan NicolauCenter for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
Adrienne J BradleyCenter for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
Emma C FrairCenter for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
Kevin M FlaniganCenter for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
Nationwide Children's Hospital · US

Funding

Genetic modifiers of Duchenne Muscular DystrophyR01NS085238 · NINDS · RESEARCH INST NATIONWIDE CHILDREN'S HOSP · PI KEVIN M FLANIGAN, VERONICA J. VIELAND · 2014 to 2026
$8.6M
Project 3: Use of an IRES-driven N-truncated dystrophin isoform as a clinical therapy for 5 mutations in the dystrophinopathiesP50AR070604 · NIAMS · RESEARCH INST NATIONWIDE CHILDREN'S HOSP · PI MCBRIDE, KIM LEWIS · 2016 to 2020
$7.3M
NIAMS NIH HHS P50 AR070604NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS085238
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsDystrophin, the protein product of the DMD gene, plays a critical role in muscle integrity by stabilising the sarcolemma during contraction and relaxation. The DMD gene is vulnerable to a variety of mutations that may cause complete loss, depletion or truncation of the protein, leading to Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Precise and reproducible dystrophin quantification is essential in characterising DMD mutations and evaluating the outcome of efforts to induce dystrophin through gene therapies. Immunofluorescence microscopy offers high sensitivity to low levels of protein expression along with confirmation of localisation, making it a critical component of quantitative dystrophin expression assays.

methodsWe have developed an automated and unbiased approach for precise quantification of dystrophin immunofluorescence in muscle sections. This methodology uses microscope images of whole-tissue sections stained for dystrophin and spectrin to measure dystrophin intensity and the proportion of dystrophin-positive coverage at the sarcolemma of each muscle fibre. To ensure objectivity, the thresholds for dystrophin and spectrin are derived empirically from non-sarcolemmal signal intensity within each tissue section. Furthermore, this approach is readily adaptable for measuring fibre morphology and other tissue markers.

resultsOur method demonstrates the sensitivity and reproducibility of this quantification approach across a wide range of dystrophin expression in both dystrophinopathy patient and healthy control samples, with high inter-operator concordance.

conclusionAs efforts to restore dystrophin expression in dystrophic muscle bring new potential therapies into clinical trials, this methodology represents a valuable tool for efficient and precise analysis of dystrophin and other muscle markers that reflect treatment efficacy.

Indexed as

DystrophinMuscular Dystrophy, DuchenneBiopsyFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansMuscle Fibers, SkeletalMuscle, SkeletalReproducibility of ResultsDystrophinBecker muscular dystrophycomputer-assisted image analysisDuchenne muscular dystrophydystrophinfluorescence microscopyimmunofluorescence

Identifiers

PMID34847621
PMCPMC9184255
OpenAlexW3216256511

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.