ArticleScientific reports2021
Impact of vaginal douching products on vaginal Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli and epithelial immune responses.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Gut-Vagina Axis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Shaping the Female Microbiome: A Review of Lifestyle Factors Influencing the Vaginal, Gut, Oral, and Skin Microenvironments.Microbial ecology · 2026Review
- The neovaginal microbiota, symptoms, and local immune correlates in transfeminine individuals with penile inversion vaginoplasty.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Differences in HIV risk factors between South African adolescents and adult women and their association with sexually transmitted infections.Sexually transmitted infections · 2025Observational
- Comparison of the lower genital tract microbiome composition in patients with benign gynecological disease.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- Bridging the GAP: Probiotic Douches Redefining the Feminine Hygiene.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), associations with sociodemographic and behavioural factors, and assessment of the syndromic management of vaginal discharge in women with urogenital complaints in Mozambique.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2024Article
- Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2023Review
- Microbiota of female genital tract - functional overview of microbial flora from vagina to uterine tubes and placenta.Physiological research · 2022Review
- Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lcr35 Stimulates Epithelial Vaginal Defenses upon Gardnerella vaginalis Infection.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- Which vaginal douching agent is the best choice before oocyte retrieval? A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2022Review
- Host and Microbiome Interplay Shapes the Vaginal Microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Posttoilet rinsing predicts prolonged cystitis and antibiotic use in adult women with uncomplicated acute cystitis.Tzu chi medical journalArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We compared the effect of commercial vaginal douching products on Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, L. iners, E. coli, and immortalized vaginal epithelial cells (VK2). All studied douching products (vinegar, iodine and baking soda based) induced epithelial cell death, and all inhibited growth of E. coli. Co-culture of vaginal epithelial cells with any of the lactobacilli immediately following exposure to douching products resulted in a trend to less human cell death. However, co-culture of epithelial cells with L. iners was associated with higher production of IL6 and IL8, and lower IL1RA regardless of presence or type of douching solution. Co-culture with L. crispatus or L. jensenii decreased IL6 production in the absence of douches, but increased IL6 production after exposure to vinegar. Douching products may be associated with epithelial disruption and inflammation, and may reduce the anti-inflammatory effects of beneficial lactobacilli.
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Registered trials
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