Observational studyBMJ open2021
Child restraint use in motor vehicles in Shanghai, China: a multiround cross-sectional observational study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative analysis of child restraint system use in nine cities: a multiround cross-sectional observational study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Biofidelity Investigation and Chest Structure Enhancement of Q3 Dummy Restrained in Impact Shield Child Restraint System.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- A scoping review of national policies for child road injury in China.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- Observational
- Analysis of factors influencing the use of child restraint system by parents of children aged 0-6 years: an information, motivation, behavioral skills model-based cross-sectional study.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWhile appropriate child restraint use in motor vehicles can reduce the risk of injuries or deaths, few previous studies have assessed child restraint practice in China. We aim to describe the prevalence of child restraint use and investigate risk factors affecting child restraint practice in Shanghai, China. DESIGN AND
settingA cross-sectional observational study was conducted near children's hospitals, kindergartens, entertainment places and shopping malls in Shanghai, China.
participantsEight rounds of data were collected between October 2015 and April 2019 with a total sample size of 12 061 children. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: At each site, trained field workers observed and recorded child restraint use in all passing motor vehicles with at least one child passenger.
resultsThe overall child safety restraint use rate was 6.42%. Child restraint use rate rose over time, from 5.12% in round 1% to 8.55% in round 8 (p<0.001). Results from the adjusted logistic regression model showed that children occupants with the following risk factors had a higher likelihood of child restraint use: children younger than 5 years compared with those aged 5-12 years (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.78 to 2.53; p<0.001), sitting in rear seat compared with those in front seat (OR 31.80; 95% CI 4.45 to 227.14; p=0.001), children occupants observed near entertainment places (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.67 to 3.28; p<0.001) or near shopping malls (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.55; p<0.001) compared with those near children's hospitals and transportation in the morning compared with afternoon (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.62; p=0.021).
conclusionsThe overall child safety restraint use rate was low in Shanghai. Our findings may shed light on monitoring child restraint practice and have implications for intervention programmes for children occupants with the identified risk factors, which may help to promote child restraint use in motor vehicles and prevent road traffic injuries or deaths.
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