ReviewGels (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Hydrogels Classification According to the Physical or Chemical Interactions and as Stimuli-Sensitive Materials.
Review in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advanced Ophthalmic Drug Delivery in Homocystinuria Type CblC: A Translational Review of Ophthalmic Pathologies and Therapeutic Opportunities.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Engineered Injectable Hydrogel Platform for Tailoring the Osteoarthritis Microenvironment.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Maleic Acid-Grafted Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Hydrogels Synthesized by Gamma Radiation for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Innovative Hydroxyapatite-Hydrogel Composites for Cartilage Regeneration.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advances in stimuli-responsive hydrogels for liver disease therapy: mechanisms, applications, and translational perspectives.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Advances in the nanostructure characterization of biological hydrogels formed by the prion-like domain of EARLY FLOWERING 3.Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology · 2026Article
- Engineering Metal-Organic Framework-Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels for Therapeutic Delivery.ACS materials Au · 2026Article
- A Review of Gel-Based Materials for Electromagnetic Devices.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Metal Nanoparticle-Reinforced Hydrogels Applied in the Inhibition of Clinical Pathogens: Structural Features, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Prospects.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Hydrogel-Based Platforms for Wound Care: Integrated Strategies for Antimicrobial Delivery and Biofilm Management.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Recent Advances in Natural Polymers-based Hydrogels for Periodontal Regeneration.Macromolecular bioscience · 2026Review
- Innovative advances and future perspectives in injectable hydrogels for wound healing: a comprehensive review.Biomedical engineering online · 2026Review
- Recent Advances in Carbon Quantum Dot-Enhanced Stimuli-Sensitive Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels in Food Sector: Multi-Component Design, Stimulus-Response Mechanisms, and Broad Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Microbiome-Responsive Hydrogels: From Biological Cues to Smart Biomaterials.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Bacterial ghosts embedded in natural hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Self-Assembled Hydrogels: A Novel Drug Delivery System for Osteoarthritis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Photocrosslinkable Morin-loaded gelatin-g-GMA composite hydrogel for accelerating burn wound healing:RSC advances · 2026Article
- Novel pH-responsive pectin-based hybrid smart hydrogels for in vitro drug release and in vivo wound healing applications.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Molecular hydrogen therapy in musculoskeletal conditions: An evidence-based review and critical analysis.World journal of orthopedics · 2026Review
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hydrogels are attractive biomaterials with favorable characteristics due to their water uptake capacity. However, hydrogel properties are determined by the cross-linking degree and nature, the tacticity, and the crystallinity of the polymer. These biomaterials can be sorted out according to the internal structure and by their response to external factors. In this case, the internal interaction can be reversible when the internal chains are led by physicochemical interactions. These physical hydrogels can be synthesized through several techniques such as crystallization, amphiphilic copolymers, charge interactions, hydrogen bonds, stereo-complexing, and protein interactions. In contrast, the internal interaction can be irreversible through covalent cross-linking. Synthesized hydrogels by chemical interactions present a high cross-linking density and are employed using graft copolymerization, reactive functional groups, and enzymatic methods. Moreover, specific smart hydrogels have also been denoted by their external response, pH, temperature, electric, light, and enzyme. This review deeply details the type of hydrogel, either the internal structure or the external response. Furthermore, we detail some of the main applications of these hydrogels in the biomedicine field, such as drug delivery systems, scaffolds for tissue engineering, actuators, biosensors, and many other applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.