ReviewActa bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis2021
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: state of art and update on treatment.
Review in Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of tacrolimus therapy on the outcomes of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Evidence-Based Clinical Recommendations for the Appropriate Use of Diagnostic Tests in Pediatric Allergology: Focus on Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis, and Keratoconjunctivitis Vernal.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Dose-Sparing Topical Administration: FK506-Loaded Nano-Micelles Achieve Efficient Therapy in a Murine Model of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): Current State and Future Directions-A Narrative Review of Clinical Features, Diagnostic Strategies, and Emerging Therapies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The therapeutic effect of IPL on children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Octenidine Dihydrochloride-Induced Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Inflammatory Responses in Human Ocular Epithelial and Retinal Cells.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Ocular Manifestations in Children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Corticosteroid-sparing topical treatment with cyclosporin for juvenile keratoconjunctivitis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Seeing eye to eye: a modified Delphi method-based multidisciplinary expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- A Case of Refractory Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Showing Improvement after the Administration of Upadacitinib for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in adults: a narrative review of prevalence, pathogenesis, and management.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Review
- Combined Papillectomy and Autologous Conjunctival Membrane Graft as Management of Giant Papillae for Severe, Refractory Palpebral Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis-A Case Report.Case reports in ophthalmological medicine · 2024Article
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Current immunological and clinical evidence and the potential role of omalizumab.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Review
- Impact of screen exposure on pediatric vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: a survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vernal keratocongiuntivitis (VKC) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the ocular conjunctiva and cornea. It is a rare and underestimated pathology, whose missed or delayed diagnosis can lead to the development of serious ocular complications. Moreover, despite VKC symptoms are well known, they can overlap and be mistaken with allergic conjunctivitis. In fact, diagnostic criteria and severity grading are not standardized yet. The pathogenesis of VKC is still controversial and it is difficult to identify a single mechanism underlying the chronic ocular inflammation. Different studies hypothesized both allergies and autoimmune diseases and also oxidative stress contribute significantly to the origin of the disease. However, the unclear pathogenesis and the lack of specific disease biomarkers make treatment a challenge. The standard therapy includes antihistamines, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs and novel therapies are currently under investigation. However, considering treatment guidelines and recommendations are not well defined yet, therapy should be personalized on the clinical features of the patient. This paper provides an overview of the VKC and updates on the challenges that need to be addressed in the future to improve the management of the patient with this disease and improve his quality of life.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.