ReviewCurrent research in microbial sciences2021
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence.
Review in Current research in microbial sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Potential role of a CRISPR-Cas-activated toxin-antitoxin system in bacterial immunity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Structural and functional characterization of VapBC52 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Genomic profiling ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Two Worlds, One Battle: How Bacteria and Malignancies Converge on Drug Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrative Genomic and Structural Analysis Reveals Diversity and Stability of yefM-yoeBCurrent microbiology · 2026Article
- A Review of the Chemical Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Jellyfish Toxins.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Genomic diversity and clade clustering ofiScience · 2026Article
- Revisiting lactococcal abortive infection-like antiphage systems: diversity, structures, and mechanisms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- The toxin from the PemIK-Sa1 toxin-antitoxin system decreasesFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Regulatory time-kill sequencing maps antibiotic-specific transcriptional control ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Molecular Basis of Persister Awakening and Lag-Phase Recovery inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrating natural language processing and genome analysis enables accurate bacterial phenotype prediction.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2025Article
- The pH gradient contributes to persistence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Research square · 2025Article
- Gentamicin induction of the gonococcalmBio · 2025Article
- Article
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- Lessons from RatA: Why the Basics in Molecular Biology Are Still Crucial!International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Analysis of co-occurrence of type II toxin-antitoxin systems and antibiotic resistance determinants inmSystems · 2025Article
- Understanding the physiological role and cross-interaction network of VapBC35 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of a toxin part and its cognate antitoxin part. Under normal physiological conditions, antitoxin counteracts the toxicity of the toxin whereas, during stress conditions, TA modules play a crucial role in bacterial physiology through involvement in the post-segregational killing, abortive infection, biofilms, and persister cell formation. Most of the toxins are proteinaceous that affect translation or DNA replication, although some other intracellular molecular targets have also been described. While antitoxins may be a protein or RNA, that generally neutralizes its cognate toxin by direct interaction or with the help of other signaling elements and thus helps in the TA module regulation. In this review, we have discussed the current state of the multifaceted TA (type I-VIII) modules by highlighting their classification and specific targets. We have also discussed the presence of TA modules in the various pathogens and their role in antibiotic persistence development as well as biofilm formation, by influencing the different cellular processes. In the end, assembling knowledge about ubiquitous TA systems from pathogenic bacteria facilitated us to propose multiple novel antibacterial strategies involving artificial activation of TA modules.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.