ArticleiScience2021
The mRNA-LNP platform's lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory.
Article in iScience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 381 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
381 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 581 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- A dual-targeting mRNA lipid nanoparticle restores ABCA1-dependent cholesterol homeostasis to promote repair of age-related bone defects.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Human T cell engineering via serial delivery of mRNA encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Development of mRNA vaccines against herpes zoster.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and determinants of mRNALipid Nanoparticle biodistribution: From pharmacokinetics to clinical translation.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- RNA therapeutics: current status and future directions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Timing-Dependent Immunostimulatory Activity of Human IFN-β mRNA in Primary Human Myeloid Cells.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Therapeutic vaccines for NSCLC: From mechanisms to clinical translation.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Beyond the genetic code: orchestrating epigenetic and immune landscapes with multivalent mRNA-exosome vaccines.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cell induction strategies and applications in the treatment of immune and non-immune diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Lipid nanoparticles as active biointerfaces: From membrane interaction to systemic dysregulation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- High-Content CRISPR Screening: Methods and Applications.MedComm · 2026Review
- Epitope-Based Nipah Virus G and F Head-to-Head Dimer mRNA Vaccines Exhibit Distinct Immunogenicity and Immune Profiles.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Subacute-Onset Anemia Following COVID-19 Vaccine Combination with ChAdOx (AstraZeneca) and BNT162b2 (BioNTech, Pfizer)-A Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Neuraltherapeutic Medicine in Post-Acute COVID-19 Vaccination Syndrome (PACVS): A Critical Review with a Case Report.Restorative neurology and neuroscience · 2026Review
- Nanoparticle Engineering in Modern Vaccinology: From Delivery Platforms to Immune-Programming Architectures.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Induction of mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2: a heterologous intramuscular mRNA-LNP prime/pulmonary recombinant subunit pull vaccination strategy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- mRNA Vaccines for Influenza: Hope for a Universal Vaccine?BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
321 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccines based on mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a promising new platform used by two leading vaccines against COVID-19. Clinical trials and ongoing vaccinations present with varying degrees of protection levels and side effects. However, the drivers of the reported side effects remain poorly defined. Here we present evidence that Acuitas' LNPs used in preclinical nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine studies are highly inflammatory in mice. Intradermal and intramuscular injection of these LNPs led to rapid and robust inflammatory responses, characterized by massive neutrophil infiltration, activation of diverse inflammatory pathways, and production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The same dose of LNP delivered intranasally led to similar inflammatory responses in the lung and resulted in a high mortality rate, with mechanism unresolved. Thus, the mRNA-LNP platforms' potency in supporting the induction of adaptive immune responses and the observed side effects may stem from the LNPs' highly inflammatory nature.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.