Observational studyIranian journal of medical sciences2021
Risk Factors Associated with Long COVID Syndrome: A Retrospective Study.
Observational study in Iranian journal of medical sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review to find link between past psychiatric history and development of long covid.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Oral Manifestations in the Post COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Pooled it
- Musculoskeletal manifestations in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Cardiovascular diseases as risk factors of post-COVID syndrome: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Clinical patterns of somatic symptoms in patients suffering from post-acute long COVID: a systematic review.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Pooled it
- Cardiopulmonary function in paediatric post-COVID-19: a controlled clinical trial.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Oral manifestations associated with long COVID: a scoping review.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2026Article
- Risk factors for long COVID among participants of a population-based study in urban and rural Kenya, 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Long COVID and gut microbiome: insights into pathogenesis and therapeutics.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Inflammatory Milieu and Specific T-Cell Response Observed Three Months and One Year After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Long COVID Subjects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Long COVID: A Systematic Review of Preventive Strategies.Infectious disease reports · 2025Review
- Cardio-Respiratory Fitness and Fatigue in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome-A Three-Year Update.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Relationship between long covid and functional disability in adults and the seniors in the south of Brazil.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Impact of Long COVID on Health-Related Quality of Life Among COVID-19 Survivors in Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Identifying risk factors and predicting long COVID in a Spanish cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Consensus based recommendations for the management of post-COVID long-term sequelae (Long COVID): a regional perspective.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Nursing care for users with post-COVID conditions in primary and specialized health care.Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Recently, people have recognized the post-acute phase symptoms of the COVID-19. We investigated the long-term symptoms associated with COVID-19, (Long COVID Syndrome), and the risk factors associated with it. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. All the consecutive adult patients referred to the healthcare facilities anywhere in Fars province from 19 February 2020 until 20 November 2020 were included. All the patients had a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. In a phone call to the patients, at least three months after their discharge from the hospital, we obtained their current information. The IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25.0) was used. Pearson Chi square, Fisher's exact test, Results: In total, 4,681 patients were studied, 2915 of whom (62.3%) reported symptoms. The most common symptoms of long COVID syndrome were fatigue, exercise intolerance, walking intolerance, muscle pain, and shortness of breath. Women were more likely to experience long-term COVID syndrome than men (Odds Ratio: 1,268; 95% Confidence Interval: 1,122-1,432; P=0.0001), which was significant. Presentation with respiratory problems at the onset of illness was also significantly associated with long COVID syndrome (Odds Ratio: 1.425; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.177-1.724; P=0.0001). A shorter length of hospital stay was inversely associated with long COVID syndrome (Odds Ratio: 0.953; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.941-0.965; P=0.0001). Conclusion: Long COVID syndrome is a frequent and disabling condition and has significant associations with sex (female), respiratory symptoms at the onset, and the severity of the illness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.