ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2021
Brain injury, endothelial injury and inflammatory markers are elevated and express sex-specific alterations after COVID-19.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood Biomarkers as Prognostic Indicators for Neurological Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Endotheliopathy in Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Early Treatment with Glibenclamide in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Neurocritical care · 2024Trial
- Sex and age are associated with host immune responses and multi-organ dysfunction in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Magnesium deficiency and long-term incident dementia among COVID-19 survivors: a propensity score-matched cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Post-COVID-19 anxiety and its impact on adults' health in Qatar in 2022.Qatar medical journal · 2026Article
- Observational
- Neurological Complications and Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: Results From International Neurological Study Group From the COVID-19 Critical Care Consortium.The Neurohospitalist · 2025Article
- Innate immune sensors and regulators at the blood brain barrier: focus on toll-like receptors and inflammasomes as mediators of neuro-immune crosstalk and inflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Review of the mechanism of infection induced cerebral small vessel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Delineating sex-specific circulating host response signatures associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality.iScience · 2024Article
- Reactive Astrocytosis-A Potential Contributor to Increased Suicide in Long COVID-19 Patients?Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Decreased Cerebral Creatine and N-Acetyl Aspartate Concentrations after Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Gender differences in plasma S100B levels of patients with major depressive disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Organ-Dysfunction Markers in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Convalescents.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- A Prospective Study on Neural Biomarkers in Patients with Long-COVID Symptoms.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Blood-brain barrier disruption and sustained systemic inflammation in individuals with long COVID-associated cognitive impairment.Nature neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Brain damage serum biomarkers induced by COVID-19 in patients from northeast Brazil.Journal of neurovirology · 2023Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAlthough COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, all organs can be affected including the brain. To date, specific investigations of brain injury markers (BIM) and endothelial injury markers (EIM) have been limited. Additionally, a male bias in disease severity and mortality after COVID-19 is evident globally. Sex differences in the immune response to COVID-19 may mediate this disparity. We investigated BIM, EIM and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine (CC) levels after COVID-19 and in across sexes.
methodsPlasma samples from 57 subjects at < 48 h of COVID-19 hospitalization, and 20 matched controls were interrogated for the levels of six BIMs-including GFAP, S100B, Syndecan-1, UCHLI, MAP2 and NSE, two EIMs-including sICAM1 and sVCAM1. Additionally, several cytokines/chemokines were analyzed by multiplex. Statistical and bioinformatics methods were used to measure differences in the marker profiles across (a) COVID-19 vs. controls and (b) men vs. women.
resultsThree BIMs: MAP2, NSE and S100B, two EIMs: sICAM1 and sVCAM1 and seven CCs: GRO IL10, sCD40L, IP10, IL1Ra, MCP1 and TNFα were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in the COVID-19 cohort compared to controls. Bioinformatics analysis reveal a stronger positive association between BIM/CC/EIMs in the COVID-19 cohort. Analysis across sex revealed that several BIMs and CCs including NSE, IL10, IL15 and IL8 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in men compared to women. Men also expressed a more robust BIM/ EIM/CC association profile compared to women.
conclusionThe acute elevation of BIMs, CCs, and EIMs and the robust associations among them at COVID-19 hospitalization are suggestive of brain and endothelial injury. Higher BIM and inflammatory markers in men additionally suggest that men are more susceptible to the risk compared to women.
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