ArticleJournal of translational medicine2021
The tumor immune microenvironment of primary and metastatic HER2- positive breast cancers utilizing gene expression and spatial proteomic profiling.
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Future directions in the treatment of brain metastases: evaluating the role of cellular players in the tumour microenvironment.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- AI-powered and manual assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in early HER2-positive breast cancer in NSABP B-41.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Article
- C-type lectin domain family 5 member A-mediated activation of macrophages via a bispecific antibody enhances anti-HER2 therapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Digital spatial profiling identifies features of primary and locoregional metastatic vasculature in triple negative breast cancer.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2026Article
- An updated review on the role of extracellular vesicles in immune system modulation in breast cancer with special emphasis on immune checkpoint regulators.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Effects of pregnancy on breast cancer immunology: immune biomarker and TIL quantification.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- NK cell immunopotentiators-loaded nanoliposomes enhance ADCC effect for targeted therapy against HER2-positive breast cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Diverse PD-1, CD163, and FOXP3 Profiles in Primary and Metastatic Microenvironments of Prostate Cancer.Oncology research · 2025Article
- Analysis of neuroglia and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer brain metastasis.Cancer biology & therapy · 2024Review
- Integrative analysis of homologous recombination repair patterns unveils prognostic signatures and immunotherapeutic insights in breast cancer.Journal of applied genetics · 2024Article
- Spatial proteomics: unveiling the multidimensional landscape of protein localization in human diseases.Proteome science · 2024Review
- Review
- Review
- Unveiling the HER2-low phenomenon: exploring immunohistochemistry and gene expression to characterise HR-positive HER2-negative early breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- Spatial transcriptomics in breast cancer: providing insight into tumor heterogeneity and promoting individualized therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Spatial single cell analysis of tumor microenvironment remodeling pattern in primary central nervous system lymphoma.Leukemia · 2023Article
- Implications of the Organ-Specific Immune Environment for Immune Priming Effect of Radiotherapy in Metastatic Setting.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Immunotherapies against HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2023Review
- The progress of microenvironment-targeted therapies in brain metastases.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Progress in research on tumor microenvironment-based spatial omics technologies.Oncology research · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe characterization of the immune component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer has been limited. Molecular and spatial characterization of HER2+ TME of primary, recurrent, and metastatic breast tumors has the potential to identify immune mediated mechanisms and biomarker targets that could be used to guide selection of therapies.
methodsWe examined 15 specimens from eight patients with HER2+ breast cancer: 10 primary breast tumors (PBT), two soft tissue, one lung, and two brain metastases (BM). Using molecular profiling by bulk gene expression TME signatures, including the Tumor Inflammation Signature (TIS) and PAM50 subtyping, as well as spatial characterization of immune hot, warm, and cold regions in the stroma and tumor epithelium using 64 protein targets on the GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler.
resultsPBT had higher infiltration of immune cells relative to metastatic sites and higher protein and gene expression of immune activation markers when compared to metastatic sites. TIS scores were lower in metastases, particularly in BM. BM also had less immune infiltration overall, but in the stromal compartment with the highest density of immune infiltration had similar levels of T cells that were less activated than PBT stromal regions suggesting immune exclusion in the tumor epithelium.
conclusionsOur findings show stromal and tumor localized immune cells in the TME are more active in primary versus metastatic disease. This suggests patients with early HER2+ breast cancer could have more benefit from immune-targeting therapies than patients with advanced disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.