Observational studyJournal of occupational health2021
Work e-mail after hours and off-job duration and their association with psychological detachment, actigraphic sleep, and saliva cortisol: A 1-month observational study for information technology employees.
Observational study in Journal of occupational health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is the right to disconnect a testable organizational hypothesis for physiological recovery? A comment on after-hours ICT use.Journal of occupational health · 2026Article
- Dynamic Digital Detachment and Work-Family Permeability: The Interactive Regulatory Path of Personality and Cognitive Load.Psychology research and behavior management · 2026Article
- Work-Related Information and Communication Technologies Use After-Hours and Nurse Work Withdrawal Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model.Journal of nursing management · 2026Article
- Drowning in emails: investigating email classes and work stressors as antecedents of high email load and implications for well-being.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Effects of work-related electronic communication during non-working hours after work from home and office on fatigue, psychomotor vigilance performance and actigraphic sleep: observational study on information technology workers.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2023Observational
- Work e-mail after hours and off-job duration and their association with psychological detachment, actigraphic sleep, and saliva cortisol: A 1-month observational study for information technology employees.Journal of occupational health · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveA sufficient duration of time off after work is necessary to ensure workers' health. Better quality of off-job time can also facilitate recovery from fatigue, but its quantitative influence is largely unknown. We aimed to examine how off-job time quality (as measured by the frequency of emailing after work), and off-job duration is associated with psychological detachment, actigraphic sleep, and saliva cortisol using a 1-month observational study.
methodsThe participants were 58 daytime employees working at an information technology company. Sleep actigraphy and saliva cortisol as well as self-reported outcomes were repeatedly measured for 1 month. Two-way (work e-mail frequency × off-job time) multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analyses were performed in both continuous and categorical variables.
resultsThe frequency of work e-mailing after hours was significantly associated with self-reported outcomes and actigraphic sleep quality, while a significant association was not found in cortisol awakening responses and actigraphic sleep duration. A significantly larger cortisol response after awakening was found in shorter, rather than longer, durations of off-job time. Self-reported detachment, rumination and carry-over fatigue showed significant interactions between work e-mail and off-job time, suggesting that worse outcomes were found in a higher frequency of work e-mail even when employees had longer amounts of off-job time.
conclusionOur findings suggest that ensuring the quality and duration of off-job time is beneficial for recovery from work with sufficient sleep. Specifically, the frequency of e-mailing after work should be minimized to make recovery complete.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.