ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2022
Clostridioides difficile toxins: mechanisms of action and antitoxin therapeutics.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted Clostridioides difficile Vaccine Candidate in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase 1 Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Amino acid-based formula feeding is associated with increased risk ofGut microbes · 2026Article
- Genomic and phenotypic insight intoEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Antibiotic-Free Strategies for Managing Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Balancing act of cytokines in controlling the severity ofInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Multi-strain Clostridioides difficile infection: Increased detection and clinical implications.The Journal of infection · 2026Article
- Inositol Thiophosphates as Inhibitors of Mammalian, Plant, and Fungal Phytases.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Bacterial Infections: A Broad Review of the Field.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Integrating machine learning and WGCNA to identify core candidate genes and decipher immune-related molecular networks in TcdA/TcdB-associated CDI.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- Article
- Biofilm- and Spore-Disruptive Star-Shaped Poly(l-lysine)/Hyaluronic Acid Microgels for Targeted Oral Therapy ofBiomacromolecules · 2026Article
- The Role and Potential Mechanism of Pectin and Pectin Oligosaccharides in Treating Intestinal Inflammation by Regulating Gut Microbiota.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Contact dependent suppression ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Subverting Host Defense from Within: Innate Immune Modulation byPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Identification of Campylobactercoli as a key pathogen in Jinhua piglet diarrhea and its the probiotic control by Enterococcus faecium.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Proinflammatory Responses in Macrophages.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Article
- The critical role ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobe that can cause a spectrum of disorders that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and/or death. The bacterium produces up to three toxins, which are considered the major virulence factors in C. difficile infection. These toxins promote inflammation, tissue damage and diarrhoea. In this Review, we highlight recent biochemical and structural advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern host-toxin interactions. Understanding how C. difficile toxins affect the host forms a foundation for developing novel strategies for treatment and prevention of C. difficile infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.