ArticleBMJ open2021
COVID-19 outcomes among adult patients treated with long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the USA: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opioid usage and COVID-19 prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Risk of infections among persons treated with opioids for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Association of chronic opioid therapy and opioid use disorder with COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality: Evidence from three health systems in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Assessing risk of COVID-19 reinfection and complications in adults treated with stimulant medications: A retrospective study using electronic health records.Medical research archives · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain in an Outpatient Palliative Medicine Clinic.Journal of palliative medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Association between opioid abuse and COVID-19 susceptibility: a propensity score matched study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- One-year results from the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 infection in 47 million individuals with severe mental disorders and other chronic diseases.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on chronic pain and opioid use in marginalized populations: A scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Prevalence of COVID-19 outcomes in patients referred to opioid agonist treatment centers.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Machine learning-driven development of a disease risk score for COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality: a Swedish and Norwegian register-based study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Prescription Opioid Use among Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak in Taiwan: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Review
- Treatment with stimulants and the risk of COVID-19 complications in adults with ADHD.Brain research bulletin · 2022Article
- Lipid rafts as viral entry routes and immune platforms: A double-edged sword in SARS-CoV-2 infection?Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2022Review
- Risk of Oral Health Problems in Adults With Opioid Use Disorder Treated With Transmucosal Buprenorphine.Journal of addiction medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePatients treated with long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) are known to have compromised immune systems and respiratory function, both of which make them particularly susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of developing severe clinical outcomes among COVID-19 non-cancer patients on LTOT, compared with those without LTOT. DESIGN AND DATA SOURCES: A retrospective cohort design using electronic health records in the TriNetX research database. PARTICIPANTS AND
setting418 216 adults diagnosed with COVID-19 in January-December 2020 from 51 US healthcare organisations: 9558 in the LTOT and 408 658 in the control cohort. They did not have cancer diagnoses; only a small proportion might have been treated with opioid maintenance for opioid use disorder.
resultsPatient on LTOT had a higher risk ratio (RR) than control patients to visit an emergency department (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.16) and be hospitalised (RR 2.91, 95% CI 2.69 to 3.15). Once admitted, LTOT patients were more likely to require intensive care (RR 3.65, 95% CI 3.10 to 4.29), mechanical ventilation (RR 3.47, 95% CI 2.89 to 4.15) and vasopressor support (RR 5.28, 95% CI 3.70 to 7.53) and die within 30 days (RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.67 to 2.30). The LTOT group also showed increased risk (RRs from 2.06 to 3.98, all significant to 95% CI) of more-severe infection (eg, cough, dyspnoea, fever, hypoxaemia, thrombocytopaenia and acute respiratory distress syndrome). Statistically significant differences in several laboratory results and other vital signs appeared clinically negligible.
conclusionCOVID-19 patients on LTOT were at higher risk of increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare utilisation. Interventions to reduce the need for LTOT and to increase compliance with COVID-19 protective measures may improve outcomes and reduce healthcare cost in this population. Prospective studies need to confirm and refine these findings.
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