ReviewSeminars in immunology2021
Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Implications on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity.
Review in Seminars in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Generation and immunological evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein virus-like particles.Virology journal · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Immune Evasion: Mapping the Future of Vaccine Design.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- Cancer-associated TRF1 mutations alter PARP1 interaction dynamics: an in silico study.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein XBB.1.5 Mutations Altered Four Conserved Antigenic Determinants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Multiplexed assays of variant effect for clinical variant interpretation.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Discovery of thiadiazole-based small-molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction through integrated computational prediction and experimental validation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Impacts of neutralizing antibody responses on SARS-CoV-2 evolution and its associated disease progression.Immunity & inflammation · 2026Article
- The Role of Immunosenescence and Inflammaging in the Susceptibility of Older Adults to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Epstein-Barr virus mRNA vaccine synergizes with NK cells to enhance nasopharyngeal carcinoma eradication in humanized mice.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
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- Frontiers in superbug management: innovating approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Amitriptyline potently neutralizes distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants including D614G, Omicron BA.5, and Omicron XBB.1.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Vaccination versus natural infection: A review of antibody differentiation techniques.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- Mosaic vaccine design targeting mutational spike protein of SAR-SCoV-2: An immunoinformatics approach.BioImpacts : BI · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development.Vaccines · 2024Review
- A randomized trial comparing safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of self-amplifying mRNA and adenovirus-vector COVID-19 vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Review
- Comparative Efficacy of Parenteral and Mucosal Recombinant Probiotic Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 andVaccines · 2024Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Responsible for more than 4.9 million deaths so far, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is instigating devastating effects on the global health care system whose impacts could be longer for the years to come. Acquiring a comprehensive knowledge of host-virus interaction is critical for designing effective vaccines and/or drugs. Understanding the evolution of the virus and the impact of genetic variability on host immune evasion and vaccine efficacy is helpful to design novel strategies to minimize the effects of the emerging variants of concern (VOC). Most vaccines under development and/or in current use target the spike protein owning to its unique function of host receptor binding, relatively conserved nature, potent immunogenicity in inducing neutralizing antibodies, and being a good target of T cell responses. However, emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are exhibiting variability on the spike protein which could affect the efficacy of vaccines and antibody-based therapies in addition to enhancing viral immune evasion mechanisms. Currently, the degree to which mutations on the spike protein affect immunity and vaccination, and the ability of the current vaccines to confer protection against the emerging variants attracts much attention. This review discusses the implications of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutations on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity and forward directions which could contribute to future studies focusing on designing effective vaccines and/or immunotherapies to consider viral evolution. Combining vaccines derived from different regions of the spike protein that boost both the humoral and cellular wings of adaptive immunity could be the best options to cope with the emerging VOC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.