ReviewVaccines2021
A Systematic Review of the Sex and Gender Reporting in COVID-19 Clinical Trials.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Axes of social inequities in COVID-19 clinical trials: A systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review of whether COVID-19 randomized controlled trials reported on demographic and clinical characteristics.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- The economics of investing in women and health.Nature medicine · 2025Review
- Nuvaxovid NVX-CoV2373 vaccine safety profile: real-world data evidence after 100,000 doses, Australia, 2022 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Observational
- Sex differences in response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in Italian population.Epidemiology and infection · 2024Article
- Theory of change for addressing sex and gender bias, invisibility and exclusion in Australian health and medical research, policy and practice.Health research policy and systems · 2024Article
- Feasibility of Provision and Vaccine Hesitancy at a Central Hospital COVID-19 Vaccination Site in South Africa after Four Waves of the Pandemic.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Impact of recruitment strategies on individual participation practices in the Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network: prospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Experience and side effects of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among university students: a cross-sectional survey study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Assessing the real-world effectiveness of five SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a cohort of Mexican pensioners: a nationwide nested test-negative design study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Article
- A roadmap for sex- and gender-disaggregated health research.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Effectiveness in the General Population of an Italian Province: Two Years of Follow-Up.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Potential implicit bias in attribution of adverse events in randomized controlled trials in cystic fibrosis.Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society · 2023Article
- Acting on sex and gender in medical innovation is good for business.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Article
- Sex-Related Differences in the Pharmacological Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Sex-disaggregated effectiveness data reporting in COVID-19 vaccine research: a systematic review.Communications medicine · 2023Article
- Coronavirus Anxiety Level and COVID-19 Vaccine Attitude Among Patients With Hematological Malignancies.Cureus · 2023Article
- A shared agenda for gender and COVID-19 research: priorities based on broadening engagement in science.BMJ global health · 2023Review
- Analysis of Differences in User Groups and Post Sentiment of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitators in Chinese Social-Media Platforms.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex and gender have implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and adverse effects from the vaccine. As vaccination is one of the key responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital that sex and gender differences be acknowledged, measured, and analysed in clinical research. Here, we systematically review published COVID-19 vaccine trials, both interventional and observational, to assess the quality of reporting of sex and gender. Of the 75 clinical trials on COVID-19 vaccines included in this review, only 24% presented their main outcome data disaggregated by sex, and only 13% included any discussion of the implications of their study for women and men. Considering the sex differences in adverse events after vaccination, and the gendered aspects of vaccine hesitancy, these oversights in clinical research on vaccines have implications for recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and for wider public health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.