ArticleVaccines2021
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Italian University Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey during the First Months of the Vaccination Campaign.
Article in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and determinants of vaccination intention towards routine immunizations in university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A Systematic review of cognitive determinants.Health promotion perspectives · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in students: A global systematic review.F1000Research · 2022Pooled it
- Unveiling the narrative: Italian media's role in shaping public health messaging during COVID-19 - A corpus-assisted discourse analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Vaccine Attitudes, Knowledge, and Confidence Among Nursing, Pediatric Nursing, and Midwifery Undergraduate Students in Italy.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Among Iranian Pregnant Women: Insights From a Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Preferences in General Populations in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States: Discrete Choice Experiment.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Behavioral, cognitive and emotional determinants of getting vaccinated for COVID-19 and the mediating role of institutional trust among young adults in Cyprus.BMC public health · 2024Article
- University Students' Vaccination Intention after the Fifth Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Hong Kong: Inspiration from a Health Belief Model.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Assessing acceptability of the fourth dose against COVID-19 among Chinese adults: A population-based survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Article
- Updated beliefs and shaken confidence: evidence from vaccine hesitancy caused by experiencing "COVID arm".BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Measles vaccine uptake among Italian medical students compared to the pre-COVID-19 era.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Observational
- Investigation of the influencing factors with the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose among the general population of Ardabil, Iran: A cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Framing Effects on Willingness and Perceptions towards COVID-19 Vaccination among University Students in Italy: An Exploratory Study.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.Vaccines · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Refusal and Delay among Adults in Italy: Evidence from the OBVIOUS Project, a National Survey in Italy.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Attitudes of University Students towards Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination Policies: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Rome, Italy.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Who chooses alternative sources of information about childhood vaccinations? A cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Achieving high levels of vaccination coverage against COVID-19 may be hindered by vaccine hesitancy. We quantified over time the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among university students, investigated its determinants, and analyzed student attitudes, risk perceptions and compliance with preventive measures. The survey was administered online from 1 March to 30 June 2021. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to identify predictors of hesitancy. Overall, we collected 5369 questionnaires that were grouped into three survey periods (March, April-May, and May-June). The response rate ranged from 81.2% to 76.4%, whereas vaccine hesitancy ranged from 22% to 29%. Multivariable analysis showed that April-May participants had higher odds of hesitancy than March respondents. Other positive predictors were being male, not being a healthcare student, having a lower academic level, and not disclosing a political position. Conversely, higher levels of perceived COVID-19 severity, concern for the emergency, confidence in vaccine safety and effectiveness, and self-reported adherence to mask wearing indoors and outdoors were negatively associated with hesitancy. We found that vaccine hesitancy changed over time and in relation to several factors. Strategies aimed at increasing the students' awareness and engagement, restoring confidence in health authorities, and limiting disinformation around the vaccines should be devised.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.