ReviewVaccines2021
Estimation of Reduction in Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Due to Egg-Adaptation Changes-Systematic Literature Review and Expert Consensus.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Understanding the Global Burden of Influenza in Adults Aged 18-64 years: A Systematic Literature Review from 2012 to 2022.Advances in therapy · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Update on Influenza.The American journal of the medical sciences · 2026Review
- The nanoemulsion adjuvant provides antigen dose-sparing effects and enhances maternal passive immune protection for the cell-cultured quadrivalent influenza virus subunit vaccine.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Influenza Vaccines and the Pandemic Horizon: Challenges, Innovations, and the Road Ahead.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Understanding the Implications of Delaying Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Recommendations: An Industry Perspective.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Global patterns and trends in deaths of influenza-associated lower respiratory infections from 1990 to 2019.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- The economic rationale for cell-based influenza vaccines in children and adults: A review of cost-effectiveness analyses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Seasonal influenza vaccine performance and the potential benefits of mRNA vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Recent advances in the influenza virus vaccine landscape: a comprehensive overview of technologies and trials.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Advancing influenza vaccines: A review of next-generation candidates and their potential for global health impact.Vaccine · 2024Review
- Comparative Effectiveness of Cell-Based Versus Egg-Based Influenza Vaccines in Prevention of Influenza Hospitalization During the 2022-2023 Season Among Adults 18-64 Years.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- European community pharmacists practice in tackling influenza.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2024Review
- Heterologous expression of influenza haemagglutinin leads to early and transient activation of the unfolded protein response in Nicotiana benthamiana.Plant biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Molecular responses of agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing suppressor of silencing P19 and influenza virus-like particles.Plant biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- [Cell-based influenza vaccines: an effective vaccine option for under 60-year-olds].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2024Article
- The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Tumorigenicity decrease in Bcl-xL deficient MDCK cells ensuring the safety for influenza vaccine production.PloS one · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInfluenza vaccines are the main tool to prevent morbidity and mortality of the disease; however, egg adaptations associated with the choice of the manufacturing process may reduce their effectiveness. This study aimed to estimate the impact of egg adaptations and antigenic drift on the effectiveness of trivalent (TIV) and quadrivalent (QIV) influenza vaccines.
methodsNine experts in influenza virology were recruited into a Delphi-style exercise. In the first round, the experts were asked to answer questions on the impact of antigenic drift and egg adaptations on vaccine match (VM) and influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE). In the second round, the experts were presented with the data from a systematic literature review on the same subject and aggregated experts' responses to round one questions. The experts were asked to review and confirm or amend their responses before the final summary statistics were calculated.
resultsThe experts estimated that, across Europe, the egg adaptations reduce, on average, VM to circulating viruses by 7-21% and reduce IVE by 4-16%. According to the experts, antigenic drift results in a similar impact on VM (8-24%) and IVE (5-20%). The highest reduction in IVE was estimated for the influenza virus A(H3N2) subtype for the under 65 age group. When asked about the frequency of the phenomena, the experts indicated that, on average, between the 2014 and 19 seasons, egg adaptation and antigenic drift were significant enough to impact IVE that occurred in two and three out of five seasons, respectively. They also agreed that this pattern is likely to reoccur in future seasons.
conclusionsExpert estimates suggest there is a potential for 9% on average (weighted average of "All strains" over three age groups adjusted by population size) and up to a 16% increase in IVE (against A(H3N2), the <65 age group) if egg adaptations that arise when employing the traditional egg-based manufacturing process are avoided.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.