ReviewViruses2021
An Overview of Recent Insights into the Response of TLR to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Potential of TLR Agonists as SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Adjuvants.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Host Innate Immunity: Insights Into TLR Signaling, PRR Crosstalk, and Viral Immune Evasion.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity and Safety of the COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccine Coadministered With Influenza and 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Therapeutic potential of pycnogenol: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anticancer effects.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiome and viral infections: A hidden nexus for immune protection.World journal of virology · 2025Review
- Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Review
- Innate Immune Response to Powassan Virus Infection: Progress Toward Infection Control.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Toll-like receptor response to Zika virus infection: progress toward infection control.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- TLR2 Activation as a Marker of Severe COVID-19 and a Potential Therapeutic Target.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Innate immune sensing and vaccine strategies against West Nile virus: role of Toll-like receptors and viral evasion mechanisms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Immunity and Coagulation in COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Special Issue "The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Infection and Inflammation 2.0".International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Immune Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Considerations for Universal Vaccine Development.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Review
- Review
- Immune Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Considerations for Universal Vaccine Development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Effect of DMARDs on the immunogenicity of vaccines.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2023Review
- Safety and tolerance of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the COVAD study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Recent Advances in Studying Toll-like Receptors with the Use of Computational Methods.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2023Review
- Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a global health pandemic causing millions of deaths worldwide. However, the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host innate immunity, remains unclear. The innate immune system acts as the first line of host defense, which is critical for the initial detection of invading pathogens and the activation and shaping of adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors of innate immunity that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate downstream signaling for pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. However, TLRs may also act as a double-edged sword, and dysregulated TLR responses may enhance immune-mediated pathology, instead of providing protection. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between TLRs and SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance for devising therapeutic and preventive strategies. The use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants for human disease is a promising approach that could be applied in the investigation of COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of host innate immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with particular focus on TLR response. In addition, we discuss the use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in enhancing the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.