ArticlePharmaceutics2021
Exosome-Mediated Insulin Delivery for the Potential Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineering Strategies for Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Modification, Drug Delivery Performance, and Synergistic Effects with Gel Composite Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Engineering extracellular vesicles for targeted therapeutic delivery in the heart.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- The Role of Exosomes in Offspring Metabolic Programming in Gestational Diabetes: Mechanisms and Potential Applications.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Mechanistic interplay between extracellular vesicles and neutrophil extracellular traps: unveiling the "sterile inflammation" cascade in obesity-induced diabetes progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles at the immune-metabolic crossroads of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Drug-Loaded Extracellular Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery: Advances, Loading Strategies, Therapeutic Applications, and Clinical Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Nanoparticle-Based Oral Insulin Delivery: Challenges, Advances, and Future Directions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles in cardiac surgery: unlocking new frontiers in cardioprotection and patient outcomes.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Exosomes: Traversing the blood-brain barrier and their therapeutic potential in brain cancer.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer · 2025Review
- Exosomes in inflammation and cancer: from bench to bedside applications.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Harnessing the Potential of Exosomes in Therapeutic Interventions for Brain Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Advancements in extracellular vesicles biomanufacturing: a comprehensive overview of large-scale production and clinical research.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Ultrasonication outperforms electroporation for extracellular vesicle cargo depletion.Extracellular vesicle · 2024Article
- A negative regulatory role of β-cell-derived exosomes in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of recipient β-cells.Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- Advances in Nanomedicine for Precision Insulin Delivery.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Engineered and Mimicked Extracellular Nanovesicles for Therapeutic Delivery.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Review
- Endogenous Lipid Carriers-Bench-to-Bedside Roadblocks in Production and Drug Loading of Exosomes.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Exosome-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: current opinion.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles between 30 and 150 nm that serve as essential messengers for different biological signaling and pathological processes. After their discovery, a wide range of applications have been developed, especially in therapeutic drug delivery. In this context, the aim of this work was to test the efficiency of exosome-mediated human insulin delivery using exosomes extracted from three different cell lines: hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2); primary dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) and pancreatic β cells (RIN-m); all are related to the production and/or the ability to sense insulin and to consequently regulate glucose levels in the extracellular medium. The obtained results revealed that the optimal insulin loading efficiency was achieved by a 200 V electroporation, in comparison with incubation at room temperature. Moreover, the maximum in vitro exosome uptake was reached after incubation for 6 h, which slightly decreased 24 h after adding the exosomes. Glucose quantification assays revealed that exosome-mediated incorporation of insulin presented significant differences in HDFa and HepG2 cells, enhancing the transport in HDFa, in comparison with free human insulin effects in the regulation of extracellular glucose levels. No significant differences were found between the treatments in RIN-m cells. Hence, the results suggest that exosomes could potentially become a valuable tool for stable and biocompatible insulin delivery in diabetes mellitus treatment alternatives.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.