ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021
When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Relative Accuracy of Different Methods for Measuring Mind Wandering Subtypes: A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Inferring mind wandering from perceptual decision making.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- Explicit metrics for implicit emotions: investigating physiological and gaze indices of learner emotions.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Mental Pain Correlates with Mind Wandering, Self-Reflection, and Insight in Individuals with Psychotic Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Gaze-based attention refocusing training in virtual reality for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Using Gaze for Behavioural Biometrics.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- From Sensor Data to Educational Insights.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Understanding the role of eye movement consistency in face recognition and autism through integrating deep neural networks and hidden Markov models.NPJ science of learning · 2022Article
- Understanding children's attention to traumatic dental injuries using eye-tracking.Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology · 2022Article
- Music reading experience modulates eye movement pattern in English reading but not in Chinese reading.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Eye movement analysis of children's attention for midline diastema.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Impact of mask use on face recognition: an eye-tracking study.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2022Article
- Understanding Children's Attention to Dental Caries through Eye-Tracking.Caries research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mind-wandering has been shown to largely influence our learning efficiency, especially in the digital and distracting era nowadays. Detecting mind-wandering thus becomes imperative in educational scenarios. Here, we used a wearable eye-tracker to record eye movements during the sustained attention to response task. Eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM), which takes both spatial and temporal eye-movement information into account, was used to examine if participants' eye movement patterns can differentiate between the states of focused attention and mind-wandering. Two representative eye movement patterns were discovered through clustering using EMHMM: centralized and distributed patterns. Results showed that participants with the centralized pattern had better performance on detecting targets and rated themselves as more focused than those with the distributed pattern. This study indicates that distinct eye movement patterns are associated with different attentional states (focused attention vs. mind-wandering) and demonstrates a novel approach in using EMHMM to study attention. Moreover, this study provides a potential approach to capture the mind-wandering state in the classroom without interrupting the ongoing learning behavior.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.