Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34833551›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Performance of Machine Learning-Based Multi-Model Voting Ensemble Methods for Network Threat Detection in Agriculture 4.0.

Nikolaos Peppes, Emmanouil Daskalakis, Theodoros Alexakis, Evgenia Adamopoulou, Konstantinos Demestichas

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Nikolaos PeppesInstitute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-9911-0837
Emmanouil DaskalakisInstitute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece.
Theodoros AlexakisInstitute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-9138-2926
Evgenia AdamopoulouInstitute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-7137-012X
Konstantinos DemestichasInstitute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-8858-6389

Funding

European Commission 883242
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The upcoming agricultural revolution, known as Agriculture 4.0, integrates cutting-edge Information and Communication Technologies in existing operations. Various cyber threats related to the aforementioned integration have attracted increasing interest from security researchers. Network traffic analysis and classification based on Machine Learning (ML) methodologies can play a vital role in tackling such threats. Towards this direction, this research work presents and evaluates different ML classifiers for network traffic classification, i.e., K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Classification (SVC), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF) and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), as well as a hard voting and a soft voting ensemble model of these classifiers. In the context of this research work, three variations of the NSL-KDD dataset were utilized, i.e., initial dataset, undersampled dataset and oversampled dataset. The performance of the individual ML algorithms was evaluated in all three dataset variations and was compared to the performance of the voting ensemble methods. In most cases, both the hard and the soft voting models were found to perform better in terms of accuracy compared to the individual models.

Indexed as

AlgorithmsMachine LearningAgricultureCluster AnalysisPoliticsactive attacksAgriculture 4.0cybersecuritye-Commerceintrusion detectionmachine learningnetwork securitynetwork threatsnetwork traffic classificationvoting ensemble

Identifiers

PMID34833551
PMCPMC8622709

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.