ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021
Primary Failure to an Anti-TNF Agent in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Switch (to a Second Anti-TNF Agent) or Swap (for Another Mechanism of Action)?
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07169123 (Protease Regulation and Impact of Sodium as Mechanisms of Inflammation in IBD), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Protease Regulation and Impact of Sodium as Mechanisms of Inflammation in IBD
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF SELECTIVE IL-12/23 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN MODERATE TO SEVERE ULCERATIVE COLITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, META-ANALYSIS AND TRIAL SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS.Arquivos de gastroenterologia · 2026Pooled it
- Recovery of response and long-term outcomes following loss of response and dose escalation of subcutaneous infliximab: a post hoc analysis of the LIBERTY-CD & LIBERTY-UC trials.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2026Trial
- Mirikizumab four-year sustained and durable efficacy and safety in ulcerative colitis: Final findings from the LUCENT-3 open-label extension study.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2026Trial
- Effect of Mirikizumab on Clinical and Endoscopic Outcomes Based on Prior Advanced Therapy Failure in Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Trial
- Long-Term Ozanimod Therapy in Patients With Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis After Failure of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2026Trial
- Three-Year Efficacy and Safety of Mirikizumab Following 152 Weeks of Continuous Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis: Results From the LUCENT-3 Open-Label Extension Study.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2025Trial
- Deucravacitinib in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: 12-week efficacy and safety results from 3 randomized phase 2 studies in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2025Trial
- Two-Year Efficacy and Safety of Mirikizumab Following 104 Weeks of Continuous Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis: Results From the LUCENT-3 Open-Label Extension Study.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2024Trial
- Efficacy and safety of infliximab and adalimumab in inflammatory bowel disease patients.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Trial
- A comprehensive review on thermo-responsive targeted and functional therapy for management of rheumatoid arthritis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a model incorporating choroid plexus morphology from brain MRI to predict anti-TNF-α therapy outcomes in Crohn's disease.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Targeted oral delivery of microencapsulated TNF-α siRNA in an experimental model of colitis.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Patterns and predictors of biologic therapy switching in inflammatory bowel disease at a tertiary care center: A retrospective observational study.Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association · 2026Article
- Migraine, monoclonal antibodies, and monitoring: a review of pharmacovigilance in the era of biologics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Early Prediction of Primary Non-Response to Infliximab in Crohn's Disease Using Routinely Available Clinical and Week 2 Laboratory Indicators: A Two-Center Real-World Cohort Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Real‑world safety and efficacy of biological agents in inflammatory bowel disease: a one-year post-marketing pharmacovigilance observational study in the Calabria region.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Observational
- Outcomes of Patients With Prior Biologic Intolerance Are Better Than Those With Biologic Failure in Clinical Trials of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2025Article
- Laboratory Tests in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Evidence-Based Approach to Daily Practice.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Immunohistochemistry Analysis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Should We Bring to Light Interleukin-10?Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Early subclinical stages of the inflammatory bowel diseases: insights from human and animal studies.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAbout a third of patients with inflammatory bowel disease do not respond to anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, which is challenging.
aimTo review the current data on the two main strategies when facing primary non-response to an anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease: changing to a second anti-TNF (switching) or to a drug with another mechanisms of action (swapping).
methodsWe performed a bibliographic search to identify studies reporting on efficacy of any biologic treatment after primary anti-TNF non-response.
resultsThe efficacy of a second anti-TNF is lower when the reason to withdraw the first one is primary failure. Nevertheless, switching to another anti-TNF even after primary failure may still be effective in some patients. Both vedolizumab and ustekinumab have generally been shown to be less effective in anti-TNF exposed patients. However, despite primary anti-TNF failure, patients may respond to vedolizumab or ustekinumab in a limited but considerable number of cases. The cause for swapping (primary vs. secondary anti-TNF failure) seems to have limited effect on vedolizumab efficacy. Primary anti-TNF non-response seems to be a clearer predictor of treatment failure for ustekinumab. Unfortunately, the two main strategies to treat specifically a patient with primary non-response to an anti-TNF agent-switching to a second anti-TNF or swapping for vedolizumab/ustekinumab-have not been properly compared.
conclusionThe data reviewed in the present study clearly emphasise the imperative need to carry out head-to-head randomised trials in patients exposed to anti-TNF agents in general, and specifically in those with primary non-response to these agents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.