ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Hygiene Hypothesis as the Etiology of Kawasaki Disease: Dysregulation of Early B Cell Development.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Kawasaki disease following a pediatric scald burn: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Emerging Technologies for Exploring the Cellular Mechanisms in Vascular Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Single cell sequencing technology reveals the correlation between B lymphocytes and vascular inflammatory symptoms of Kawasaki disease.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Concurrent infections in children with Kawasaki disease: lessons learned over 26 years.Immunologic research · 2025Article
- Polymorphism-driven immune disruptions in Kawasaki disease across populations: decoding the role of T and B-cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- B-cell hub genes play a cardiovascular pathogenic role of in childhood obesity and Kawasaki disease as revealed by transcriptomics-based analyses.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Incidence and seasonality of Kawasaki disease in children in the Philippines, and its association with ambient air temperature.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Prediction of intravenous immunoglobulin retreatment in children with Kawasaki disease using models combining lymphocyte subset and cytokine profile in an East Asian cohort.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- The mechanism underlying B-cell developmental dysfunction in Kawasaki disease based on single-cell transcriptomic sequencing.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Kawasaki Disease and Inborn Errors of Immunity: Exploring the Link and Implications.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Unexpectedly high incidence of Kawasaki Disease in a Canadian Atlantic Province- an 11-year retrospective descriptive study.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2023Article
- Kawasaki disease and the environment: an enigmatic interplay.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota as a susceptibility factor for Kawasaki disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Review
- Hygienic behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic may decrease immunoglobulin G levels: Implications for Kawasaki disease.PloS one · 2022Article
- Ascertaining the Kawasaki Disease-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Linkage in a Japanese Administrative Claims Database.Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric SocietyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that occurs predominantly in children under 5 years of age. Despite much study, the etiology of KD remains unknown. However, epidemiological and immunological data support the hygiene hypothesis as a possible etiology. It is thought that more sterile or clean modern living environments due to increased use of sanitizing agents, antibiotics, and formula feeding result in a lack of immunological challenges, leading to defective or dysregulated B cell development, accompanied by low IgG and high IgE levels. A lack of B cell immunity may increase sensitivity to unknown environmental triggers that are nonpathogenic in healthy individuals. Genetic studies of KD show that all of the KD susceptibility genes identified by genome-wide association studies are involved in B cell development and function, particularly in early B cell development (from the pro-B to pre-B cell stage). The fact that intravenous immunoglobulin is an effective therapy for KD supports this hypothesis. In this review, I discuss clinical, epidemiological, immunological, and genetic studies showing that the etiopathogenesis of KD in infants and toddlers can be explained by the hygiene hypothesis, and particularly by defects or dysregulation during early B cell development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.