ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Investigating the role of food pollutants in autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive analysis of heavy metals, pesticides, and mycotoxins.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Occupational hazard exposures among archivists.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Rationale for a Multi-Factorial Approach for the Reversal of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease and MCI: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Invasive aspergillosis in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, management and challenges.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Administration of the Postbiotic Substance 412 to Slovak Warm-Blooded Horses: A Pilot Experiment.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The association between the residential environment and arthritis among the elderly in China: evidence from cohort and cross-sectional studies.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Patterns of early-life microbial exposure and infection risk in hospital-born neonates in a tertiary hospital setting in Ghana.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to gas stoves, mold, and water damage: Associations with gestational duration and fetal growth in the ECHO cohort.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Indoor air bacterial and fungal burden in the environment of an atopic child: implications for elevated urine mycotoxin levels.Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2026Article
- Household mold exposure and arthritis in older Chinese adults: evidence from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS).BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs) - rare cause of occupational asthma in two veterinarians.Respiratory medicine case reports · 2026Article
- Combined exposure to emergingFrontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Microbiome-mycotoxin interactions and probiotic strategies: implications for gut health and cancer.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Postbiotics: Multifunctional Microbial Products Transforming Animal Health and Performance.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Mycotoxins in food and agriculture: from occurrence to economic consequences.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Molecular Characterisation of Fungi Populations in the Chronic Wounds of Filarial Lymphedema Patients in Southern Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Aflatoxin Exposure in Immunocompromised Patients: Current State and Future Perspectives.Toxins · 2025Review
- Mycotoxin management in Sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive systematic review of policies and strategies in Malawi.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Comprehensive review for aflatoxin detoxification with special attention to cold plasma treatment.Mycotoxin research · 2025Review
- Aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in drinking water mitigates aflatoxin B1 toxicity in broilers: effects on performance, biomarker analysis, and liver histology.Mycotoxin research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.