ReviewBiomedicines2021
Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation.
Review in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Cerebrovascular Diseases: Signaling Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Synovial fluid as a complex molecular pool contributing to knee osteoarthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- Genetic Polymorphisms of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors Associated with Human Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Prokineticin Receptors in Diseases.Pharmacological reviews · 2023Review
- Effects of Prokineticins on Cerebral Cell Function and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Prokineticin 2 and Cytokine Content in the Synovial Fluid of Knee Osteoarthritis and Traumatic Meniscal Tear Patients: Preliminary Results.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Blocking prokineticin receptors attenuates synovitis and joint destruction in collagen-induced arthritis.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Article
- Special Issue "GPCR: Roles in Cell Development and Disease".International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Special Issue "G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Receptor Activation and Selectivity".Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- LC-MS/MS based metabolomics and proteomics reveal candidate biomarkers and molecular mechanism of early IgA nephropathy.Clinical proteomics · 2022Article
- Non-Peptide Agonists and Antagonists of the Prokineticin Receptors.Current issues in molecular biology · 2022Review
- Arginine 125 Is an Essential Residue for the Function of MRAP2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Identification of Regions Involved in the Physical Interaction between Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Protein 2 and Prokineticin Receptor 2.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Prokineticin-Receptor Network: Mechanisms of Regulation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction. PKR2 is mainly overexpressed in neurons, whereas PKR1 and PK2 are mainly overexpressed in astrocytes. Once PK2 is released in inflamed tissue, it is involved in both innate and adaptive responses: it triggers macrophage recruitment, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it modulates the function of T cells through the activation of PKR1 and directs them towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Since the prokineticin system appears to be upregulated following a series of pathological insults leading to neuroinflammation, we will focus here on the involvement of PK2 and PKRs in those pathologies that have a strong underlying inflammatory component, such as: inflammatory and neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.