ReviewBiomedicines2021
Smart and Biomimetic 3D and 4D Printed Composite Hydrogels: Opportunities for Different Biomedical Applications.
Review in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biomimetic Scaffold-Based 3D Models for Decoding Cancer Biology and Advancing Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of 4D printing materials, techniques, and characteristics for personalized oncology.Translational oncology · 2026Review
- Sustainable Cellulose-Based Gels: Synthesis, Chemical Modification, and Biomedical Application.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bioprinting in Tissue Repair and Its ENT Applications.Polymers · 2026Review
- The Role of 3D Printing in Regenerative Medicine: A Game-Changer in Tissue Engineering.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Smart Hydrogels for Treatment of Microbial Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Resetting the epigenetic clock: cellular senescence and regenerative strategies in intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence-assisted smart hydrogel bioinks in 3D bioprinting: design, optimization, and construct validation for functional tissue engineering.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- A 3D ColMA-Based Tenogenic Microenvironment Unveils the Behavior of Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells (TSPCs) from Tendinopathic Surgical Explants.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pharmaceutical 3D Printing for Psychiatric Medications: Advanced Innovations in Taste Masking and Personalized Oral Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Review
- Bio-Inspired Stored Magnetic Energy Actuator with Transient Triggering and Programmable Logic.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory biomaterials for osteoarthritis: Targeting inflammation and enhancing cartilage regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Advanced 3PM strategies in traditional Chinese medicine gels for wound healing integrating 3D/4D printing, network pharmacology and multiomics technologies.The EPMA journal · 2025Review
- Molecular Engineering of Recombinant Protein Hydrogels: Programmable Design and Biomedical Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Revealing Three-Dimensional Printing Technology Advances for Oral Drug Delivery: Application to Central-Nervous-System-Related Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in 4D Printing: A Review of Current Smart Materials, Technologies, and Drug Delivery Systems.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Review
- A Futuristic Development in 3D Printing Technique Using Nanomaterials with a Step Toward 4D Printing.ACS omega · 2024Review
- Magnetic Stimulation for Programmed Shape Morphing: Review of Four-Dimensional Printing, Challenges and Opportunities.3D printing and additive manufacturing · 2024Review
- 3D printed drug loaded nanomaterials for wound healing applications.Regenerative therapy · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In recent years, smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels have drawn tremendous attention for their varied applications, mainly in the biomedical field. These hydrogels are derived from different natural and synthetic polymers but are also composite with various organic and nano-organic fillers. The basic functions of smart hydrogels rely on their ability to change behavior; functions include mechanical, swelling, shaping, hydrophilicity, and bioactivity in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, magnetic field, electromagnetic radiation, and biological molecules. Depending on the final applications, smart hydrogels can be processed in different geometries and modalities to meet the complicated situations in biological media, namely, injectable hydrogels (following the sol-gel transition), colloidal nano and microgels, and three dimensional (3D) printed gel constructs. In recent decades smart hydrogels have opened a new horizon for scientists to fabricate biomimetic customized biomaterials for tissue engineering, cancer therapy, wound dressing, soft robotic actuators, and controlled release of bioactive substances/drugs. Remarkably, 4D bioprinting, a newly emerged technology/concept, aims to rationally design 3D patterned biological matrices from synthesized hydrogel-based inks with the ability to change structure under stimuli. This technology has enlarged the applicability of engineered smart hydrogels and hydrogel composites in biomedical fields. This paper aims to review stimuli-responsive hydrogels according to the kinds of external changes and t recent applications in biomedical and 4D bioprinting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.